Term
| Entamoeba Histolytica (Amebiasis), general, infection, reservoir, transmission |
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Definition
• Most primitive of protozoa
• Multiplies by binary fission and moves by means of cytoplasmic organelles called pseudopodia
• Human is only reservoir
• Cysts are infective
– Allows person-to-person
(fecal-oral) transmission
• Affects 10% of world population
• Transferred among family members, in day care centers |
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Term
| Entamoeba Histolytica, 90%, findings w infection, treatment |
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Definition
• 90%areasymptomaticcystpassers • Symptomaticcystpasser
• Acuterectocolitis(dysentery)
• Rarefindings
– Ameboma → toxic megacolon – Acute amebic appendicitis
– Extraintestinal amebiasis
• Abscesses (liver, brain, pericardium, lung, skin, eye)
– Diagnosis by examination of stool for cysts or trophozoites
• Treatment
– Metroniadazole |
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Term
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Definition
– Cysts survive in water
– Spread by fecal-oral transmission
– Reservoirs are humans and beavers
– Isolated cases in hikers and campers who drink untreated water
– Outbreaks due to contaminated water supply, person-to-person transfer in day care center |
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Term
| Giardiasis symptoms, diagnosis, treatment |
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Definition
• Diseaseproperties
– Bloating, gas, chronic diarrhea
– Epigastric pain, malabsorption
– Villous atrophy
• Diagnosisbyexaminationof stool for cysts or trophozoites: the one that “looks back at you”
• Treatment
– Metroniadazole |
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Term
| Cryptosporidiosis, general, cycle, transmission |
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Definition
• Obligate intracellular organism
• Sporogenic (sexual) cycle leads to formation of oocysts, which are shed into bowel lumen and passed
• Fecal-oral transmission (oocyst immediately infective)
• Sporozoites released from ingested oocyst infect small bowel epithelial cells |
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Term
| Cyclospora, transmission, found where?, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment |
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Definition
• Spread by feces contaminated food or water
• Tropical and subtropical regions
• Symptoms include:
– Watery diarrhea (most common) – Loss of appetite
– Weight loss
– Cramping, bloating
– Nausea, fatigue
• Diagnosis: O&P, AFB
• Treatment
– Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole |
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Term
| Cyclospora disease findings, diagnosis |
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Definition
• Normal host (often cattle worker); watery diarrhea lasting about two weeks; self-limiting
• Outbreaks can occur: Milwaukee 1993, 403,000 of 1.6 million total infected; 104 deaths
• Immunocompromised host (AIDS); profound, watery diarrhea; weight loss; malabsorption; eventual death
• Diagnosis made by examination of stool for oocysts: modified acid-fast stain |
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Term
| Toxoplasmosis caused by, life cycle |
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Definition
• Caused by the obligate intracellular sporozoan Toxoplasma gondii
• Life cycle and epidemiology – Both sexual and asexual
cycles in cat, the definitive
host
– Oocysts found in cat feces
– Livestock may ingest
oocysts, which break down and release trophozoites, which invade a variety of tissues and replicate to form tissue cysts |
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Term
| Toxoplasmosis transmission, incidence |
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Definition
• Transmission to humans occurs after ingestion of oocysts (cat owners) or tissue cysts (present in uncooked contaminated meat); trophozoites cause cysts in a variety of tissues
• One of every 500 pregnant
women acquires acute
toxoplasmosis
– Parasite transmitted to fetus
in half of these women |
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Term
| Toxoplasmosis disease symptoms based on type |
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Definition
• Acute acquired disease in normal host: no symptoms or mononucleosis-like symptoms
• Acute acquired or reactivation disease in immunocompromised host (especially AIDS), encephalitis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, chorioretinitis
• Congenital disease--spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, severe CNS manifestations, chorioretinitis (delayed onset) |
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Term
| Toxoplasmosis diagnosis and treatment |
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Definition
• Diagnosis made serologically or by demonstration of trophozoites in tissue biopsies
• Treatment
– Pyrimethamine + folinic acid + sulfadiazine or clindamycin
– Proper cooking – Avoid cat litter |
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