Term
| What do we need to digest food? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do we need body systems to digest food? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An internal condition maintained by internal responses that compensate for changes in the external environment. |
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Term
| What kind of condition is homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of condition is homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of things are constantly being made to counteract environmental changes? |
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Definition
| Internal adjustments (to restore balance -- stasis). Examples: Being cold, getting sick. |
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Term
| What are internal responses? |
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Definition
| Your body functions. They are the physiological processes of your body -- the physical and chemical parameters that an organism must maintain to allow proper functioning of its component cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. |
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Term
| Why do we need to achieve homeostasis? |
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Definition
| Homestasis allows for maximum internal efficiency. |
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Term
| What are some examples of homeostasis achieving maximum internal efficiency? |
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Definition
| Enzymes function best in certain pH ranges; The balance between having too much and too little water in your cells. |
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Term
| What kind of fluid are our cells surrounded by? |
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Definition
| Interstitial (extracellular) fluid. |
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Term
| What is in interstitial fluid? |
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Definition
| Ions (involved in maintaining osmotic balance) and complex molecules (used as an energy source). |
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Term
| What is interstitial fluid involved in? |
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Definition
| The removal of wastes by the circulatory system in conjunction with the excretory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The liquid component of blood. |
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Term
| Plasma is what percent water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first component of homeostasis? |
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Definition
| The balance of the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen serves as the final acceptor for electrons removed in oxidative reactions. Co2 is the by-product of many reactions. |
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Term
| What is the second component of homeostasis? |
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Definition
| maintaining the pH of the internal environment? |
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Term
| What is the third component of homeostasis? |
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Definition
| Concentration of nutrients, waste products, salts, and other electrolytes. |
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Term
| What is the fourth component of homeostasis? |
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Definition
| The volume and pressure of interstitial (extracellular) fluids. |
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Term
| How does your body maintain homeostasis? |
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Definition
| It coordinates the activities of organ systems. |
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Term
| What are the 11 organ systems? |
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Definition
| Nervous, Endocrine, Muscular, Skeletal, Integumentary, Circulatory, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, Reproductive. |
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Term
| What are the two major control organ systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of how body systems contribute to homeostasis? |
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Definition
Exercise: Muscles use more oxygen and produce more Co2.
1) Intrinsic controls cause dilation of the blood vessels.
2) This allows more blood into those active areas of the muscles to bring in more O2 and take away CO2.
3) Avtive hyperemia: increased blood flow through a tissue associated with increased metabolic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intrinsic control; chemical mediators that result in the dilation of blood vessels. (Nitric Oxide). |
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Term
| How does Nitric Oxide work as a vasodilator? |
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Definition
1) When blood oxygen levels fall, endothelial cells in blood vessel walls synthesize and release NO.
2) NO activates an enzyme that relaxes neighboring smooth muscle.
3) This dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow. |
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Term
| What is the primary mechanism of homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is negative feedback? |
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Definition
| A stimulus triggers a response. This response cancels the effect of the original change. Example: Stop the synthesis of an enzyme by the accumulation of the products of the enzyme-mediated reaction. |
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Term
| What are the five major factors in homeostasis? |
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Definition
| Stimulus, Sensor, Integrator, Effector, and Response. |
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Term
| How does Negative Feedback interrupt homeostasis? |
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Definition
| The response (or last step of the system) counteracts the original change: IE the Stimulus no longer affects the sensors. Example: Temperature regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA a Sensory Receptor: Nerve endings that detect a change in factors such as pressure, temperature, pH, concentrations of molecules, etc. In response to this change, initiates sensory transduction. |
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Term
| What happens in sensory transduction? |
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Definition
1)Stimulus (or change) is converted into an action potential (AP).
2) Action potential is transmitted along axons towards the central nervous system (CNS) where it is integrated.
Example: Sensory cells (rods and cones) in the retina convert the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses (APs) that travel to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons or nerve endings in the walls of the atria of the heart, the aortic arch, and the carotid sinuses that detect the amount of stretch in vessel walls. They are sensitive to changes in blood pressure. |
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Term
| What do baroreceptors do? |
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Definition
1)They send signals (APs) to the brain stem.
2) The brain stem sends signals via autonomic nervous system to elicit changes.
3) Example of signals: Baroreceptors decrease their rate of firing (APs) when blood pressure drop.s
4) This stimulates mechanisms (such as changes in heart rate, vasodilation, or vasoconstriction) so that the body can adjust and adapt to the change in pressure. |
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Term
| Signals from the baroreceptors can do what to the rate and force of the heartbeat? |
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Definition
| They can adjust it. High blood pressure = slower and less forceful heart beat. |
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Term
| Chemoreceptors are found where? |
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Definition
| In the aorta and carotid arteries. |
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Term
| What do chemoreceptors do? |
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Definition
1) They detect O2 content in the blood.
2) If O2 content falls below normal, chemoreceptors send signals (APs) to the brainstem.
3) The brainstem integrates this information with the information from the baroreceptors.
4) The brainstem sends the signal to increase the rate and force of the heartbeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved with the water and electrolyte homeostasis. |
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Term
| What is a thermoreceptor? |
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Definition
Sensor in the skin and hypothalamus that detect changes in the temperature of the body and brain.
2) The hypothalamus is the integrator: it compares the change to the set point (normal -- which is 37 degrees C). |
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Term
| What happens with Vasoconstriction? |
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Definition
1) Blood vessels in the skin constrict (get smaller).
2) Blood flow is reduced.
3) This means that less heat is conducted from the blood through the skin to the environment.
4) HEAT LOSS IS REDUCED. |
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Term
| When might vasodilation occur in the body? |
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Definition
| When you feel hot + when you exercise a lot. Increase heat loss. |
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Term
| What organ triggers effectors that dilate or constrict blood vessels in the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Your hypothalamus purposely sets the temperature set point (stasis) higher. Bacteria or viruses don't survive as well at higher temperatures. Also, some immunological reactions may work better at higher temperatures. |
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Term
| What are other examples of temperature regulation? |
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Definition
| Sweating, Shivering, Behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learn it -- Powerpoint chart! |
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Term
| Summarize Negative Feedback |
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Definition
1) A factor affects body's internal environment.
2) This elicits a change.
3) The change is detected by receptors.
4) The receptors send out nerve or hormonal messages.
5) The messages are received by effectors.
6) The effectors trigger a counteractive response.
7) The internal environment returns to the norm/set point. |
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Term
| What is a positive feedback Mechanism? |
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Definition
A change in an internal or external environmental condition that INTENSIFIES the condition. This DOES NOT RESULT IN HOMEOSTASIS.
Example: Childbirth. The fetus pushes against the cervix to cause the cervix to stretch. Mechanoreceptors sense the stretch and send a signal to the hypothalamus which releases oxytocin. Oxytocin triggers stronger contractions which repeat the feedback loop. |
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Term
| Structure and Function of Body Systems. |
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Definition
| Organ Systems > Organs. Organs > Tissues. Tissues > Cells. |
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Term
| What are the four basic tissues? |
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Definition
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous |
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Term
| What does Epithelial tissue do? |
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Definition
| 1) Lines body structures and cavities. Forms protective, secretory and absorptive covering. |
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Term
| What does Connective tissue do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Muscle tissue do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Nervous tissue do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three shapes of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar. |
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Term
| Where are Squamous epithelium cells located and what is its function? |
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Definition
1) Walls of blood vessels, air sacs, and lungs.
2) Diffusion |
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Term
| Where are cuboidal epithelial cells found and what is their function? |
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Definition
1) Glands and tubular parts of nephrons, or kidneys.
2) Secretion, absorption. |
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Term
| Where are Columnar epithelial cells located, and what is their function? |
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Definition
1) Lining of the gut and respiratory tract.
2) Secretion, absorption. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Epithelium and Endothelium? |
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Definition
| Endothelium is the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels. |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of connective tissue? |
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Definition
1)Cartilage
2)Blood
3) Fat (adipose tissue)
4) Bone
5) Loose connective tissue
6) Fibrous connective tissue. |
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Term
| What are the three types of Muscle? |
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Definition
| Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth. They all look different. |
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Term
| A nerve is made up of what? |
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Definition
| Nucleus, Dendrites, Cell body, Axo, and Axon terminals. Axon terminals are sensors. |
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Term
| What kind of receptors does the skin have? |
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Definition
| Mechanoreceptors -- pacinian corpuscle. Detects touch and vibrations. |
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Term
| In some negative feedback mechanisms in animals, integrating neurons in the brain are directly stimulated by signals from the _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The body only acts if it senses a change in the body away from _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four functions of the epithelial cell? |
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Definition
| Filtration, Gas exchange, body cavity lining, external barrier. |
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Term
| Why are specialized cells and tissues important to multicellular animals? |
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Definition
| Specialization greatly increases the efficiency of important metabolic functions. |
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