Term
| Which disease has been eradicated from the earth due to the use vaccinations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lymphocyte produces antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two regions of an antibody? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of chains in an antibody? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which region binds to the antigen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which region binds to the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the clonal selection hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Each lymphocyte has a unique receptor and when it bids to an antigen the lymphocyte becomes activated and produces many copies of the original lymphocyte. This then speeds up the immune response if the person is infected again because they have a higher quantity of that lymphocyte in the blood |
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Term
| What are the two types of natural immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Simple recognition of pathogenic antigens and physiological barriers such as skin |
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Term
| What is specific immunity? |
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Definition
| The production and use of memory cells |
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Term
| What are the three phases of the immune response? |
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Definition
| Innate, specific and then immunological memory |
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Term
| What happens during the innate stage of the immune response? |
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Definition
| Inflammation of infected tissues and phagocytic destruction of pathogen |
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Term
| What happens during the specific stage of the immune response? |
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Definition
| Destruction of antigen presenting cells by T-cells. Activation of Beta-cells. Formation of memory T-cells and Beta-cells. Elimination of the pathogen |
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Term
| What happens during the immunological memory phase of the immune response? |
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Definition
| Maintenance of memory T-cells and Beta-cells to prevent reinfection |
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Term
| What are the four physical/chemical barriers to infection? |
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Definition
| Skin, Mucus, Lysozyme and Stomach Acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Hydrolytic bacterial wall destroying enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| The differentiation of a bone marrow stem cell to produce the necessary lymphoctes |
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Term
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Definition
| A phagocytic lymphocyte that becomes an antigen presenting cell |
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Term
| What is a dendritic cell? |
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Definition
| Uptakes free antigens and becomes an antigen presenting cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Kills antibody-coated parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes a allergic response to pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Releases granules containg histamine to cause inflamation |
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Term
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Definition
| Releases lytic granules to kill virus infected cells |
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Term
| What is a mononuclear phagocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five phagocytic killing mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Acidfication, peroxidation, nitrification, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes and competitors |
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Term
| Apart from phagocytosis what are the three additional functions of macrophages? |
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Definition
| Activated by bacterial products/cytokines, can secrete cytokines and can present antigens |
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Term
| What are pattern recognition receptors? |
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Definition
| Receptors recognise specific patterns on pathogens to identify them |
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Term
| Which cells have PPR's on them? |
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Definition
| Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells |
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Term
| What are the three types of PPR's? |
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Definition
| Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like helicases |
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Term
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Definition
| The patterns that are recognised by PRR's? |
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Term
| What are the four main PAMP's? |
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Definition
| Mannose-rich oligosacchardies, peptidoglycans, lipopolysaccharides and Unmethylated CpG DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins secreted by cells to stimulate or inhibit the activity of some cells |
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Term
| What are the three functional categories of cytokines? |
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Definition
| Mediate/regulate innate immunity, mediate/regulate specific immunity and stimulate haematopoiesis |
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