pharmacology

Study of biological effects of chemicals

drugs

Chemicals that are introduced into the body to bring about some sort of change.

adverse effects

Drug effects that are not the desired therapeutic effects; may be unpleasant or even dangerous!

brand/trade

name

name given to drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it; also called TRADE NAME

chemical name

name that reflects the chemical

structure of a drug

generic drugs

drugs sold by their chemical names; not brand or trade names products.

generic name

the original name that a drug is given when the drug company that developed it applies for the approval process.

orphan drugs

pharma-

cotherapeutics

clinical pharmacology- the branch that deals w/drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment,prevention,and diagnosis of disease in humans.

 *NURSES

phase 1

pilot study-potential drug done w/small #of selected,healthy human volunteers

phase 2

phase 3

Use of Proposed Drug on wide scale- in clinical setting w/patients who have disease drug is thought to treat

phase 4

continual evaluation-of drug after it has been released for marketing

preclinical trials

initial trial of a chemical thought to have therapeutic potential; uses laboratory animals, not human subjects

1) to determine whether they have effects in human tissue

2) evaluate any adverse effects

teratogenic

having adverse effects on the fetus

Sources of drugs

plants-     

animals- used to replace human chemicals (pancreas of cow/insulin)

inorganic compounds- fluoride,iron

synthetic sources- alter bacteria to produce chemicals more useful

agonist

drugs that interact directly w/receptor sites to cause same activity natural chemical would.

*drugs effects on the body

*body's response to the drug

Nurse Responsibilities

(AAA-TE)

*Assessment

*Administer drugs

*Assesment of reaction/outcome to med's

*Teaching

*Evaluation of teaching effectiveness

competitive

antagonist

React with receptor sites to block normal stimulation; producing no effect.

non-competitive

antagonist

prototype

(TTS)

*Chemical too toxic

*Highly teratogenic

*Safety margins too small & chemical not useful in clinical setting

Category A

Adequate studies provide no risk to fetus in any trimester

Category B

Animal studies give no risk fetus but; no adequate studies in pregnant woman. (Studies that have been done show no risk in any trimester)

Category C

Category D

Evidence of human fetal risk. (Drug benefits may be worth risk.)

Category X

Schedule 1

high abuse potential

(heroin;LSD)

Schedule 2

high abuse potential w/dependence liability

(amphetamines;barbituates)

Schedule 3

Less abuse potential than 2-moderate dependence liability

(nonbarbituate sedatives;nonamphetamine stimulants)

Schedule 4

Less abuse potential than 3- limited dependence liability

(some sedatives;antianxiety;non-narcotic analgesics)

Schedule 5

Limited abuse potential; primarily small amounts of narcotics that can be purchased OTC 

pharmocodynamics

science that deals with the interactions between chemical compounds of living systems & foreign chemicals;

THE WAY THE DRUG AFFECTS THE BODY!

pharmoco-

kinetics

How the body acts on the drug!

-Dosing needs to be correct

-Loading Dose given

-Dynamic Equilibrium considered

(RIID)

*Replace missing chemicals

*Increase/stimulate cellular activity

*Interfere w/functioning foreign cells

*Depress/slow cellular activities

Dynamic

Equilibrium

Actual amount of drug that reaches body

Affected by=  Absorbtion  Distribution

         Biotransformation Excretion

First-Pass

Effect

Med's extensively absorbed by liver

Most drug takes path of

sm.intestines   portal vein   liver

*Oral drugs in higher dose due to 1st pass effect!

Biotransformation

*All drugs are protein bound

-Not active yet

-Must be lipid soluble to cross Blood Brain Barrier

-Most drug are not BBB & don't have

direct effect on CNS

-Liver uses enzyme P450 to start biotransfer

Half-Life

(MADE)

How long to decrease to 1/2 peak level

Affected by: Absorption,Distribution,

                Metabolism, & Excretion

Types

of Drugs

Anaphylactic - Hives/Rash/Closes Airway

Cytotoxic- Cause cell damage..Low White Blood Count

Serum Sickness- Damage to tissue..swollen joints

Delayed Reaction- Swollen joints

NURSE 

PROCESS

Assessment - History/Physically Assess

Diagnosis- Draw conclusion from data

Intervention- Formulate plan .... action/improve/maintain PT health----

Evaluation- Is plan effective for PT?

 7 Rights

of Medication

DD plays rag time daily profusely!

Drug/Dose/Prep/Route/

Time/Document/PT

-Chemicals that inhibit specific bacteria

Bacteriostatic

-Substances that prevent

the growth of bacteria

Bactericidal

-Substances that kill

bacteria directly

Prophylaxis

Preventative

Gram +

-Cell wall retains stain

Gram - 

-Cell wall loses stain

Aerobic

-Depend on oxygen

Anaerobic

-Do not use oxygen

Selective

Treatment

- Based on Culture Report, antibiotic chosen that is known to be effective treatment of invading organism

Viruses that respond

to Antiviral Agents

-Influenza A 

-Some Respitory Viruses

-CMV (Cytomegalovirus)

-HIV / AIDS

-Some Viruses that cause Warts/Eye Infections

Common Respitory

Viruses

-Influenza A

-Influenza B

-RSV

Signs of CMV

-May be asymptomatic

-Fatigue

-Mausea

-Jaundice

-Still birth or defects/brain damage

Signs of

Herpes Virus

-Painful vesicles in clusters....

skin/cornea/mucous membranes

-Usual course of primary disease 2wks.

-Duration of recurrences varies

Anti-Infectives

-Drugs designed to act on foreign organisms that have infected the host with selective toxicity.

(Invade the organism...not hosts good cells)