Ionic Bonds

• Formed by opposite charged ions attracting
• Loss or gain of electrons
• ex. Table Salt (Na+Cl-)

Covalent Bonds

• Formed by atoms sharing a pair or multiple pairs of valence electrons
• Results in no net charge, satisfies octet rule, no unpaired electrons
• Bond strength depends on number of shared electrons

Electronegativity

Atom's affinity for electrons (Attractive force between two atoms)

*Difference in strength in electronegativity decides how electrons are distributated in covalent bonds

-Nonpolar covalent bond = equal sharing

-Polar covalent bond = unequal sharing

Chemical Reactions

The formation or breaking of chemical bonds

Reactants

Original molecules in a chemical reaction

Products

Molecules resulting from chemical reactions

Influences on Chemical Reactions

1. Temperature
2. Concentration of reactants and products
3. Catalysts (ex. enzymes)

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak chemical associations that form between two water molecules

(Partially - of O to the partially + of H)

Water

• Highly Polar
• Molecular Weight of 18
• 2 positive H, 1 negative O
• Freezes top to bottom
• Solid water is less dense than solid (unusual)

Cohesion

Polarity causes water molecules to become attracted to one another and they form hydrogen bonds.

2 water molecules hydrogen bond = cohesion

Adhesion

Water molecules hydrogen bond/attraction to other (not water) molecules

Acids

pH of less than 7

more hydrogen

Bases

pH higher than 7

less hydrogen

Buffers

Evens out hydrogen levels

-releases hydrogen when base is added

-absorbs hydrogen when acid added

Carbon

Study of carbon is organic chemistry

Can form up to 4 colavlent bonds

Hydrocarbon

Molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Dehydration Synthesis

Formation of larger molecules by the removal of water

Hydrolysis

The breaking down of molecules by adding water

Carbohydrates

Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

ex. glucose = C₆H₁₂O₆

Polymer

Long links of monomers

Monomer

Identical molecules that can be bonded to form polymers

Monosaccharides

1 sugar

Simplest Carbohydrates

(Monomers)

Disaccharides

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration sythesis

ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides

Long chains of 3+ monosaccharides

-energy storage (glycogen for animals; starch for plants)

Chitin

Structural support for Arthropods and Fungi

Cellulose

Structural support for plants

(ex. celery)

Adenosine Triphosphate

(ATP)

Transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

Proteins

Functions:

1. Enzymes (Amylase)
2. Defense (Antibodies)
3. Transport
4. Support (Ligaments)
5. Motion (Muscle)
6. Regulation (Inciline)
7. Storage (Soy Beans)

Chaperones

Help Proteins fold into appropriate shapes

Denaturation

Protein loses structure and function

Due to:

- pH

- Temp

- Ionic concentration of solution

Malthus

Author of: An Essay on the Principle of Population

Atomic Number

Amount of protons

Atomic Mass

Protons and Neutrons