Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Barron's Chapter 6 Test
Economic Geography
81
Geography
9th Grade
04/12/2009

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the study of the flow of goods and services through space?
Definition
Economic Geography
Term
Who studies the ways in which people provide for themselves in different places and geographic patterns of inequality at all scales of economic organization?
Definition
Economic Geographers
Term
What has always been a major theme in economic geography?
Definition
Industrialization
Term
Where were most goods produced before the Industrial Revolution?
Definition
Small shops or out of the home
Term
By the end of the 20th century, mass production and assembly lines, first championed by who, had replaced many specialty goods?
Definition
Henry Ford
Term
What are particularly important examples of the social changes associated with the Industrial Revolution?
Definition
The rise of wage labor and large-scale urbanization
Term
For almost how many years was heavy industry mostly limited to northern Europe, East Asia, and North America?
Definition
200
Term
What 6 countries remained at the forefront of the industrial production and innovation through the middle of the 20th century?
Definition
Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Germany, and Japan
Term
By what time period did the most highly developed countries already start shifting to information and service-based economies?
Definition
1970's
Term
The high-tech and service industry jobs that began to dominate these countries' job markets during the 1970s and 1980s generally provide what 4 things?
Definition
Better pay, safer working conditions, less pollution and a higher standard of living than factory jobs
Term
Deindustrialization has been particularly extreme in places like what?
Definition
The American Midwest and Central Britain
Term
What is an example of an economic region that has been hit particularly hard by deindustrialization?
Definition
The Great Lakes
Term
What is particularly disheartening example of deindustrialization?
Definition
Flint, Michigan
Term
T/F: Deindustrialization has highly regionalized effects?
Definition
True
Term
While deindustrialization was debilitating some regions of the developed world, other regions were undergoing a different type of economic revolution--which is what?
Definition
High tech boom
Term
Between what two years did defense and aerospace contribute greatly to the rapidly growing high-tech industry?
Definition
1960 and 1990
Term
During what time did software development and e-commerce rise to prominence?
Definition
1990's
Term
In the future, all commerce would take place where?
Definition
On-line
Term
What is an acute example of the problem of selling products online?
Definition
On-line grocery stores
Term
What ultimately caused the the on-line grocery stores' to fail?
Definition
Transaction costs
Term
What is a classic example of a transnational corporation?
Definition
Nike is a classic example and General Motors is an example
Term
T/F: Most transnationals are also conglomerate corporations?
Definition
True
Term
What are 3 examples of glomerate corporations?
Definition
General Motors, General Electric, and Mitsubishi
Term
T/F: Export-processing zones are not common around the world?
Definition
False
Term
What is one prime example of export-processing zones?
Definition
Mexico's system of maquiladoras
Term
What are some examples of offshore financial centers?
Definition
Panama, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Singapore, the Bahamas, and Kuwait
Term
Over the past how many years, the economies of countries like the United States, Germany, and Great Britain have followed similar paths of economic development?
Definition
200
Term
T/F: All countries contain all four types of economic activities?
Definition
True
Term
Who's economy relies on banking research and development, tourism, and other quaternary activities?
Definition
Switzerland's
Term
What country is extensively industrialized but far less developed than Switzerland; it is currently the site of a vast secondary activity economy, yet it has relatively few advanced quaternary activities?
Definition
Indonesia
Term
What is one of the world's least-developed countries?
Definition
Madagascar
Term
Primary economic activities including farming, livestock ranching, nomadic herding, mining, and fishing dominate what country's economy?
Definition
Madagascar
Term
T/F: The shift from primary and secondary economic sectors to tertiary and quaternary will always achieve absolute completion within a country?
Definition
False, it never will
Term
In 1960, who developed these observations into a formal theory called Rostow's stages of development?
Definition
W. W. Rostow, an American economist and historian
Term
Rostow argued that countries undergo how many stages of economic development?
Definition
5
Term
What happens during the first stage of Rostow's theory?
Definition
The country's economy is dominated by primary activities
Term
What happens during the second stage of Rostow's theory?
Definition
Preconditions for economic development arise
Term
What happens during the third stage of Rostow's theory?
Definition
Foreign investment pours in, jumpstarting an economy that was already prepped for growth
Term
What is an important aspect of the third stage?
Definition
A large proportion of foreign investment goes to infrastructure improvements, such as building roads and canals.
Term
What happens during the fourth stage of Rostow's theory?
Definition
The country develops a broad manufacturing and commercial base
Term
What happens during the fifth stage of Rostow's theory?
Definition
High per capita incomes and high levels of mass consumption
Term
What is an example of a country in the first stage of Rostow's model?
Definition
Nepal
Term
What is an example of a country in the fifth stage of Rostow's model?
Definition
Denmark
Term
T/F: Rostow's stages of development model accounts for deindustrialization?
Definition
False
Term
Indices of development fall into one of what two categories?
Definition
Economic measures or Noneconomic measures, which usually consist of a specific measure of social welfare
Term
What is one important economic measure of development?
Definition
the Gross National Product or GNP
Term
What does the GNP assume that development can be measured by?
Definition
Monetary terms
Term
What two things does the GNP not account for?
Definition
The money value of all the goods produced by subsistence economies characteristic of many developing countries and capital that is lost through the exploitation of natural resources
Term
For what country would the GNP by significantly larger than the GDP?
Definition
Japan
Term
What is one example of an alternate measure of development?
Definition
Human Development Index
Term
The Human Development Index evaluates human welfare based on what three parameters?
Definition
Life Expectancy, Education, and Income
Term
What is an important measure of human welfare that is not necessarily correlated with GNP?
Definition
Gender equity
Term
The core- which includes most of Europe, Japan, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand- is made up of countries with what?
Definition
Relatively high per-capita incomes and high standards of living
Term
What are three examples of world cities?
Definition
London, Tokyo, and New York
Term
What are examples of places on the semi-periphery?
Definition
Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia
Term
What are examples of places in the periphery?
Definition
Africa (without S. Africa), parts of South America and Asia
Term
Where are the people that live in some of the worst conditions on Earth located?
Definition
Sao Paul, Brazil; Mexico City, Mexico; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Mumbai, India
Term
Who's world-system theory describes the earth as an interdependent system of countries liked by political and economic competition, similar to the core-periphery model?
Definition
Immanuel Wallerstein
Term
On a smaller scale, who studies the factors that determine where specific economic activities take place?
Definition
Economic Geographers
Term
One of the location principles says that the location a company chooses must provide easy ______ to the materials necessary for production?
Definition
Access
Term
One of the location principles says that the location must have an adequate _______________. For some industries inexpensive, unskilled labor is best, but for others, such as information technology, an abundance of skilled labor is necessary?
Definition
Supply of labor
Term
One of the location principles says that _________________________________ is also a key factor, especially for industries producing items that are either bulky or perishable. These items either expensive to ship or, by their nature, time-sensitive?
Definition
Proximity to shipping and markets
Term
One of the location principles says that the site should be chosen to minimize _______________. Firms can minimize production costs by locating in a place with cheap land. Government policies can also have an important impact on production costs. States like Nevada have attracted many firms during the past decades by providing tax incentives for relocating there?
Definition
Production costs
Term
One of the location principles says that _______________, such as climate, may limit the geographical distribution certain types of firms, such as agribusiness corporations?
Definition
Natural factors
Term
One of the location principles says that the firm's _______ and its leaders' _____________________ may also influence the final choice?
Definition
History; Personal inclinations
Term
What is an important exception to Weber's least-cost theory?
Definition
Some industries have no real inclination to be located close to either raw materials or primary markets, since their products are so lightweight and valuable
Term
What are excellent examples of footloose firms?
Definition
The diamond and computer chip markets
Term
What are examples of agglomeration?
Definition
Computer companies in Silicon Valley, California and Austin, Texas; Fashion designers in Milan, Italy and Paris, France; Motion picture studios in Los Angeles, California and Mumbai (Bombay), India
Term
T/F: As more firms from the same industry locate in particular areas, even more resources become available?
Definition
True
Term
What is it called that happens in the previous question?
Definition
Multiplier Effect
Term
What is the opposite of agglomeration?
Definition
Deglomeration
Term
What is an example of deglomeration?
Definition
After the dot-com bust, some high-tech firms left San Francisco because the costs of living were so high
Term
What has historically been the primary manufacturing region in the United States?
Definition
The Great Lakes Region: Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania
Term
How soon is our global supply of oil suspected to run out?
Definition
Less than 100 years
Term
In what tiny Himalayan country is the government's official policy to measure success through "gross national happiness," not Gross National Product?
Definition
Bhutan
Term
What is a particularly well-suited tool for understanding the injustices inherent in global economics and for evaluating options for helping people to create a truly sustainable future?
Definition
Human Geography
Term
What is the probably most commonly abused catch phrase used to explain the world's current political and economic trends?
Definition
Globalizatoin
Term
During what time period did the world become increasingly interconnected?
Definition
Renaissance
Term
During what century did the Industrial Revolution once again increase global economic integration, as industrializing countries sought raw materials for construction and new markets for their goods?
Definition
19th
Term
After the connection in the 19th century, during what years were the connection interrupted by the wave of economic crises that rocked the world's markets?
Definition
1880s and 1890s
Term
What represents a medium for current globalization?
Definition
Cyberspace
Supporting users have an ad free experience!