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| Catholic priest from Spain during the Baroque Era who developed the foundations of public education (with Catholic conversion agenda). He founded the Jesuits, a militant arm of the Catholic church meant to force conversion through war, education, and public works. |
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| A Spanish noblewoman (1515-1582) who was called to convent life in the Catholic Church. She documents her visitation by an angel in ecstatic detail. Her encounter becomes a story retold through Baroque art. The most famous prolific artist of the Baroque era, Bernini, used her story to create The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa. It was a teaching tool to inspire conversion back to Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. |
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| The Catholic church's response to the complaints levied to them by protestants like Martin Luther. The church officials held a series of meetings between 1545 and 1563 attempting to hash out discrepancies in the church protocol and the Bible. |
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British architect most known for building St. Paul's Cathedral in London.
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| One of the most famous "Dutch masters" (Baroque era artists who advanced their art techniques ahead of their time) whose works mainly contain self-portraits. He also painted more secular works than religious including anatomy lessons and police forces. |
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| A "Dutch master" who used the camera obscura as a reference when painting mainly working class women doing their jobs. |
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| A period of art and expression with technique that evokes the senses and an emotional connection with God's word. This art style emphasizes ornamentation, curved lines, irregularity of form, dramatic lighting and color, and exaggerated gestures. |
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| Addressing the issues brought forth by the Protestant Reformation. Established in the Council of Trent which were a set of meetings addressing many issues of Catholicism and deciding what could be amended and what was absolutely necessary to the Catholic faith. |
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| Counter Reformation decision on the Inquisition |
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| expand the inquisition and focus on routing out heresy both in Europe and colonized cultures around the world. |
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| Counter Reformation's stance on Transubstantiation |
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| During Communion in Catholic tradition, the body and blood of Christ actually takes the form of the bread and wine distributed to parishioners. A believer is drinking the actual blood and eating the body of Christ when taking communion. The Counter Reformation stated this was critical to being a Catholic. |
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| Counter Reformation's stance on the Sacraments |
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| The Seven sacraments will remain as part of the Catholic faith (baptism at birth, eucharist, confirmation, anointing the sick, marriage, and holy orders like pilgrimage). |
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| Counter Reformation's stance on clergy |
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| Catholic officials must never marry and must remain celibate. |
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| Counter Reformation's stance on salvation |
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| Catholics were to live by faith AND practice good works to get into heaven, unlike the Protestants (Martin Luther particularly) who claim that faith alone is the key to salvation. |
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| Counter Reformation's stance on the role of art. |
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| Art needed to connect with ordinary people. Art should avoid lofty symbolism and should strike emotion and majesty, which helped give birth to Baroque's artistic form. |
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| A style of painting in which the artist goes rapidly from highlighting to deep shadow, using very little modeling. |
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| Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer and called the "father of observational astronomy". He championed the Copernican theory of heliocentrism (the earth revolves around the sun) and was banished from the Catholic church and lived in exile for the remainder of his life. |
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| Baroque philosopher who taught that everything about our reality should be questions and doubted. It is through our doubt that we remain rooted in reality. "Cogito Ergo Sum" (I think, therefore I am) |
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| Baroque political philosopher (how government should run to remain uncorrupted) who believed that the universe has no established, divine morality (The universe does not follow "thou shalt not kill", etc.) and so humans need a divine or stately (governmental body) that keeps our immorality from overwhelming us. We inherently agree to a "social contract" which demands etiquette in society. (i.e. to be a part of society, you have to wear clothes, work, and other such duties) His work greatly influenced the writers of the American constitution. Not a complete opposite of John Locke, but they differ in how the government gets its power and the natural state of humanity outside of social intervention. |
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| Baroque political and moral philosopher who believed that our attitudes and perceptions of the world are derived from the world itself. We are not born with morality, but we learn through our experiences (empiricism). He also contributed to the "social contract" theory alongside Thomas Hobbes. He believed that all observations must be tested repeatedly and nothing is exempt from being disproved. His ideas greatly influenced the framers of the American constitution. Unlike Hobbes, Locke believed human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. People have a right to defend "life, health, liberty, or possessions." However, their right to defend these should be enforced by the state (government). |
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| Spanish Baroque writer who wrote Don Quixote, a story of an old man who truly believes he is a medieval knight going on quests. A concerned young man follows him to which Quixote takes as his squire. It is considered a masterwork of Spanish literature with its humor and clear message that the medieval ideals of chivalry is truly lost in the Baroque world. |
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| Massively influential English writer who wrote Paradise Lost in blank verse. This epic poem (a long poem about battles and adventure based on the Greek and Roman epics like The Odyssey or The Aeneied) details the Biblical fall of Satan and the banishment of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden (hence, the loss of paradise from the title). Christian concepts such as the fruit of knowledge being an apple and Satan being called Lucifer and being the most beautiful of all God's angels. |
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| One of the most well-known Baroque painters. Caravaggio used a technique called tenebrism in most of his work that created dark, moody scenes from Christianity and Greco-Roman tradition. |
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From the Italian tenebroso ("dark, gloomy, mysterious").
An artistic technique of having dark backgrounds with bright human bodies with shadows sculpting their form. The technique builds on the Italian Renaissance concept of chiaroscuro to such intensity that it becomes something new altogether. Caravaggio is most known for mastering this technique. (See below)
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