Term
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Definition
| affect lipid-rich plasma membranes, so the cell leaks its contents (especially useful against mycobacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of antimicrobial activity compared to pure phenol. smaller means more active |
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Term
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Definition
| denatures proteins and dissolves lipids which disrupts membranes |
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Term
| quaternary ammonium compounds |
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Definition
| decreases surface tension and thereby attacks plasma membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| replaces protein functional groups with alkyl groups |
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Term
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Definition
| cross link functional groups of proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| halogen. interacts with amino acids and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| halogen. oxidizing agent. damages cellular enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidizing agent. used for drinking water |
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Term
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Definition
| oxidizing agent. used by cells to kill bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| combine with sulfhydryl groups to denature proteins. very sensitive to organic matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall synthesis inhibitor. has many derivatives |
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Term
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Definition
| cell wall synthesis inhibitor. 4 generations |
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Term
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Definition
| active against Gram + bacteria. Useful for MRSA and clostridium defficile |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis by insertion of incorrect amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit protein synthesis by blocking A site during translation |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit protein synthesis by inbiting peptidyl transferase and ribosome translocation (50S) |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis by inhibitng peptidyl transferase |
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Term
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Definition
| developed from pigments. inhibits folate synthesis by inhibiting dyhydropterate synthase |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits folate synthesis by inhibiting folate reductase enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit DNA replication by binding to DNA gyrase. example is ciproflaxin |
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Term
| innate microbial resistance |
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Definition
| microbe lacks the drug target |
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Term
| acquired microbial resistance |
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Definition
| microbe has undergone a change that compensates for the presence of the drug |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains bile salts and crystal violet so only Enterobacteriaceae can grow on it. contains lactose to differentiate lactose fermenters |
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Term
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Definition
| contains bile salts and crystal violet so only Enterobacteriaceae can grow on it. contains lactose to differentiate lactose fermenters |
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Term
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Definition
| contains bile salts and iron to detect H2S producing bacteria |
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Term
| enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) |
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Definition
| traveler's diarhea; labile toxin and stabile toxin; treat with fluoroquinolones plus loperamide |
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Term
| enteropathogenic E coli (EPEC) |
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Definition
| infant diarrhea; plasmid encoded adherence factor causes effacement of microvilli; treat with antibiotics |
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Term
| enteroaggregative E coli (EAEC) |
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Definition
| persistent diarrhea in undeveloped countries; stacked brick arrangement; treat with fluoroquinolones |
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Term
| Enterohemorhagic E coli (EHEC) |
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Definition
| O157:H7 most common strain in US; shiga-like toxin; blood in diarrhea; hemolytic uremia caused by damage to kidneys; treat with supportive care |
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Term
| enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC) |
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Definition
| similar to shigallosis; plasmid encoded invasion genes |
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Term
| Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever) |
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Definition
| caused by Salmonella enterica. malaise, headache,rose spots on trunk; bacteria colonizes M cells and then disseminates in blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacillary Dysentery; severe diarrhea containing mucus and blood in feces; pinpoint hemorrhages in cecum; treat with fluid replacement and antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| The Plague; zoonotic (urban and sylvatic cycles); spread by fleas; coagulase makes fibrin clot where bacteria can replicate; treat with streptomycin |
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Term
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Definition
| currant jelly sputum; lung necrosis and abscess; lobar pneumonia; associated with alcoholism; multiple drug resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| colonizes colon and urinary tract; type1 pilli play a role in adherence to uroepithelium; multiple drug resistant |
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Term
|
Definition
| strong urease reaction; swarming motility |
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Term
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Definition
| GI disease or wound infections; oxidase positive (to differentiate from Enterobacteriaceae); serotyped by O antigens; A/B toxin causes tremendous water loss; rice water stool; hypovolemic shock |
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Term
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Definition
| enteritis/food poisoning; inflammatory diarrhea and pus resulting from prostaglandin function; Guillian Barre Syndrom is a possible complication; get it from poultry or unpasturized milk; microaerophilic and capnophilic |
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Term
|
Definition
| gastic ulcers and gastric cancers; mucinase to penetrate mucous; urease to protect against gastric acidity; oxidative stress resistance; cytotoxin; treat with amoxicillin and clarithromycin |
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Term
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Definition
| mostly opportunistic; exotoxin A (ADP ribosyl transferase); Phospholipase C damages membranes; Pyocyanin (blue green pus); Porin makes membranes impermeable to antimicrobials |
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Term
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Definition
| glandular fever, rabbit fever, tick fever; requires cystein for growth; 10 organisms can cause infection; bioterorrism agent |
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Term
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Definition
| abortions and reproductive diseases in livestock; undulant fever, mediteranean fever, malta fever; prefers erythritol over glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory or systemic infection; type b capsule; capnophilic; requires X factor and V factor; grows on chocolate agar; IgA protease assists in mucosal colonization |
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Term
|
Definition
| whooping cough; catarrhal stage (URT infection), paroxysmal stage (LRT infection), and convalescent stage (neurologic damage); A/B toxin |
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Term
|
Definition
| mucous membrane urogenital disease; penicillin resistant and no vaccine; grows on Modified Thayer Agar; oxidase positive |
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Term
|
Definition
| assay for cytochrome c oxidase. purple = positive |
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Term
| Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome |
|
Definition
| thinning of cervical mucosa allowing bacteria from vagina into uterus and oviducts; associated with gonorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| mild pharyngitis and mild fever; disseminate; petechial erupton on skin (vasculitic purpura); at blood brain barrier, pilli and endotoxins cause inflammation resulting in entry to CNS; color does not fade when pressed by glass |
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Term
|
Definition
| bronchitis and bronchopneumonia; diplococci; normal flora of URT; penicillin resistant |
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Term
|
Definition
| cat scratch fever/cellulitis and lymphadenopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| opportunisitc pathogen of moist environment; B. cepacia (pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis); B. pseudomallei (pulmonary infection and abscess formation); B. mallei (Glanders) |
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Term
|
Definition
| gold; catalase positive; beta-hemolytic; irregular clusters |
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|
Term
| Staph Scalded Skin Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Ritter disease (cutaneous blister caused by toxin with no bactera in blister) or Bullous Impetigo (bulb contains bacteria so is communicable) |
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Term
|
Definition
| salted meats; custard pastries; heat stablic toxin |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by Staph aureas; tampons; systemic; aerobic atmosphere and neutral pH required; purpura fulminans |
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Term
| Staph Cutaneous infection |
|
Definition
| pyogenic; Imetigo; mascule then pustule, rupture and crusting; MRSA |
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Term
|
Definition
| aspiration pneumonia from oral secretions; may cause empyema |
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Term
|
Definition
| opportunistic; coagulase negative; non-hemolytic; cutaneous flora; polysaccharide slime for adherence; associated with prosthetic valves |
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|
Term
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
|
Definition
| UTI in newly sexually active women |
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Term
|
Definition
| cocci in chains; categorized by surface carbohydrates or by hemolysis type; catalase negative |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group A; pharyngitis, scarlet fever, pyoderma(impetigo); erysipelous and cellulitis, necrotizing faciitis; rheumatic fever; acute glomerularnephritis |
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Term
|
Definition
| strep throat with toxin production; sandpaper rash; strawberry tongue |
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Term
|
Definition
| flesh-eating bacteria; involves fascia and overlying fat; destroys muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| after an untreated case of strep throat; damages heart muscle and valves; mitral stenosis; M protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Group B; vaginal and oral flora; colonization predisposes newborns to respiratory infections, septicemia, and meningitis; early onset (respiratory distress highly fatal) and late onset (meningitis and neurologic damage);. CAMP-positive; hippurate hydrolysis-positive |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-groupable; blood-tinged rusty sputum; COPD and alcoholism are risk factors; alpha hemolytic (green); Quellung reaction positive; Optochin and bile sensitive; vaccinate infants and elderly |
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Term
|
Definition
| damaged heart; poor oral hygeine or root canal; bind fibronectin |
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Term
|
Definition
| mostly alpha hemolytic; optochin and bile resistant; normal flora of oropharynx, GU and GI tracts |
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Term
|
Definition
| dental plaque; secretes exopolysaccharides; forms a biofilm; acid eats thru enamel and bacteria invade |
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Term
|
Definition
| intestinal tract; colon cancer allows it to translocate to blood stream |
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Term
|
Definition
| normal flora; nosocomial infections; catalaste negative; PYR positive; gamma hemolysis; bile esculin positive; resistant to high salt |
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Term
|
Definition
| anthrax; large "box car" rods; zoonotic from ruminants; capsule polypeptide poly-D-glutamic acid; tripartite exotoxin |
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Term
|
Definition
| from contact with infected animals. resolves spontaneously. lesion turns into vesicle filled with blood or clear fluid. dead cells result in necrosis (black eschar) with erythematous raised margin |
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Term
|
Definition
| ingestion of spores in meat. internal lesions |
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Term
|
Definition
| wool sorter's disease; inhalation of spores; alveolar macrophages released in blood stream causes systemic infection with high morbidity |
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Term
|
Definition
| protective antigen (PA) mediates entry into cells; lethal factor (LF) kills cells; Edema factor (EF) calmodulin activated adenylyl cyclase |
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Term
|
Definition
| lacks plasmids that encode virulence; causes gastroenteritis; fried rice; heat-stable enterotoxin causes emetic form; heat-labile enterotoxin causes diarrhea form; Phospholipase C (lecithinase) |
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Term
|
Definition
| soft tissue infections; long rectangular rods; cytolytic toxins; enterotoxin; neuraminidase, collagenase, and proteases; 2 zones of hemolysis on blood agar; alpha toxin test |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| suppuratie myositis. pus in planes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| on yolk agar, lecthinase causes precipitate |
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Term
|
Definition
| 7 types based on neurotoxin production; food born by consumption of toxin in food; infants get it by consumption of spores in honey; canned food; prevents acetylcholine release resulting in flaccid muscle paralysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| lock jaw; prominent terminal spores; blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters resulting in continuous muscle contraction; from deep lacerated wounds with low oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| pseurdomembranous colitis; antibiotics kill normal flora which normally keeps this in check; Toxin A mediates damages mucosa of large bowel; Toxin B hyaluronidase-mediated breakdown of colonic epithelium |
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Term
|
Definition
| aerobic, acid fast rods; waxy lipids in cell wall provide chemical resistance; Killed by UV filtered by HEPA; Untreated HIV patients with TB |
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|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| inhalation into alveoli; pulmonary infection; resolution or walled off in granuloma; granuloma can break down later in life; caseous necrosis; blood-tinged sputum; Lowenstein-Jensen medium |
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Term
|
Definition
| leprosy/Hansen's disease; unculturable obligate intracellular pathogen; lepromatous form and tuberculoid form |
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Term
|
Definition
| Johne's Disease; chronic diarrhea in cattle; immunocompromised |
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Term
|
Definition
| aerobic; filamentous; branching rods; contracted by inhalation of dust; similar to TB; treat with sulfonamides |
|
|
Term
| Cornybacterium diptheriae |
|
Definition
| Irregular, club shaped; sore throat with pseudomembrane; virulence is through A/B toxin; "bull neck" cervical edema; Elek test |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychrophile; catalase positive; tumbling motility; food-born pathogen; soft cheeses and undercooked meat; pregnant women and transplant patients at greater risk |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever; vector is hard tick Dermacentor; Maculopapular rash progresses to purpural rash and shock. treat with doxycycline |
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Term
|
Definition
| Typhus; body louse is vector; Recrudescent is gradual onset - Brill-Zinsser disease; Sporadic typhus from flying squirrels |
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Term
|
Definition
| white tailed deer; transmitted by lone star ticks; replicate in phagocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| multiply in phagosomes; livestock reservoir; antigenic variation (phase I antigen infections, phase II antigen not); Q-fever |
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Term
|
Definition
| intracellular; lack ATP and peptidoglycan; elementary body is infections, reticulate body is metabolically active |
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Term
|
Definition
| most common bacterial STD; grows in non-ciliated epithelial cells of GU tract, respiratory tract, and conjuctiva |
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Term
|
Definition
| rough eye, Egyptian opthalmia; sensation of granules in the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| smallest free living bacteria; no cell walls; cell membranes contain sterols; fried egg appearance |
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Term
|
Definition
| walking pneumonia; binds respiratory epithelium via P1 adhesin; inhibits cilia; superantigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| helical shape with axial filament; 2 cell membranes with LPS-like substance; does not stain with Giemsa or Gram |
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Term
|
Definition
| Syphilis; microaerophilic |
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Term
|
Definition
| chancre at site of inoculation; pailess; contagious |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flu-like symptoms; maculopapular rash all over; hair loss; wart-like condylomata lata |
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Term
|
Definition
| Granulomatous lesions of bone, skin, etc. Aortitis; CNS inflammation; blindness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Lyme Disease; erythema migrans; virulence due to formatio of immune complexes; mice and deer; tick vector |
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Term
|
Definition
| Relapsing Fever; louse and tick vectors |
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Term
|
Definition
| hooked ends; aerobes; transmissio in animal urine or infected water; flu-like symptoms |
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