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Bacteriology/Mycology
Quiz 1
289
Microbiology
Professional
09/08/2010

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Cards

Term
What is the standard incubation temperature for bacteria?
Definition
37 C
Term
At what temperature are plasmids inactivated?
Definition
60 C
Term
What temperature kills most bacteria?
Definition
80-90 C
Term
Do Koch's postulates apply to all diseases?
Definition
No
Term
What is the term for the asymptomatic state of a disease, for example TB?
Definition
Carrier State
Term
What is necessary to see bacteria properly in light microscopy?
Definition
Oil immersion
Term
Is Staphylococcus aureus Gr - or +?
Definition
Gr +
Term
In vet med, most cocci are _____.
Definition
Gr +
Term
What is the shape of S. aureus?
Definition
Cocci in bunches
Term
What is the shape of Streptococci?
Definition
Cocci in chains
Term
What is the shape of Pseudomonas?
Definition
Rod
Term
What is the shape of E. coli?
Definition
Rod
Term
What is the shape of Campylobacter jejuni?
Definition
Curved rod
Term
What are 3 examples of branching bacteria?
Definition
Actinomyces, Nocardia, Dermatophilus
Term
What is the shape of Leptospira?
Definition
Spiral
Term
What is the shape of Borrelia?
Definition
Spiral
Term
What is an example of a cocco-bacillary bacteria?
Definition
Pasturella
Term
What shape is Corynebacterium?
Definition
Pleiomorphic
Term
What is the shape of Mycoplasma?
Definition
No particular shape
Term
Give an example of a large, capsulated rod.
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Term
What is the #1 bacteria used in biological warfare?
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Term
What bacteria causes plague?
Definition
Yersinia pestis
Term
Is Francisella tularensis Gr+ or -?
Definition
Gr -
Term
Is Streptococcus Gr+ or -?
Definition
Gr+
Term
Is S. aureus penicillin R or S?
Definition
R
Term
Is Streptococcus penicillin R or S?
Definition
S
Term
R
Definition
Resistant
Term
S
Definition
Susceptible
Term
Is Pseudomonas Gr+ or -?
Definition
Gr -
Term
Is E. coli Gr+ or -?
Definition
Gr -
Term
Why can Pseudomonas sometimes be confused with E. coli?
Definition
Both are Gr- rods
Term
How can Pseudomonas be differentiated from E. coli?
Definition
Pseudomonas is more uniform/E. coli is less uniform
Term
Is Campylobacter Gr+ or -?
Definition
Gr -
Term
Is Actinomyces Gr + or -?
Definition
+
Term
Is Nocardia Gr + or -?
Definition
Gr+
Term
Is Dermatophilus Gr+ or -?
Definition
Gr+
Term
What skin disease-causing organism may appear like railroad track?
Definition
Dermatophilus
Term
Is Dermatophilus penicillin R or S?
Definition
S
Term
Is Dermatophilus tetracycline R or S?
Definition
S
Term
What bacteria causes Lyme disease in humans and dogs?
Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi
Term
Is Lyme disease zoonotic?
Definition
Yes
Term
What bacteria causes leptospirosis in humans & animals?
Definition
Leptospira
Term
Is Leptospirosis zoonotic?
Definition
Yes
Term
Is Pasturella Gr + or -?
Definition
Gr -
Term
What organism causes fowl cholera?
Definition
Pasturella
Term
Is Corynebacterium Gr + or -?
Definition
Gr+
Term
What disease does Corynebacterium renale cause in cattle?
Definition
Pyelonephritis
Term
What Gr + pleiomorphic bacterium resembles Chinese characters?
Definition
Corynebacterium
Term
Is Corynebacterium R or S to penicillin?
Definition
100% S
Term
Is Mycoplasma penicillin R or S?
Definition
R
Term
Does Mycoplasma have a cell wall?
Definition
No
Term
What determines whether an organism is Gr + or -?
Definition
Cell wall/Outer envelope
Term
What is it called when only the ends of the cell stain well?
Definition
Bipolar staining
Term
What is an example of a bipolar organism?
Definition
Pasturella
Term
What is the term for bacteria that can not be stained well with Gram stain?
Definition
Acid fast bacteria
Term
What can be used for bacteria that stain poorly with Gram stain?
Definition
Giemsa stain or Silver stain
Term
What is a sign of dermatophilus infection?
Definition
Superficial skin infection without abscesses
Term
Give an example of an acid-fast bacteria.
Definition
Mycobacterium
Term
Can Gr stain be used for Mycobacteria?
Definition
No
Term
With what bacteria will old cells stain Gr - even though the bacteria is Gr +?
Definition
Clostridium
Term
What color is the primary stain in acid-fast staining?
Definition
Pink/Red
Term
What color is the counter stain after decolorization in acid-fast staining?
Definition
Blue
Term
Can Gr stain be used for Leptospira?
Definition
No
Term
What stain is used for Leptospira?
Definition
Silver Stain
Term
How does Leptospira appear when stained with Silver stain?
Definition
Black spirals
Term
What is an alternative to Gr, Giemsa, & Silver staining?
Definition
Negative Staining (India Ink)
Term
Give an example of a capsulated bacteria (besides Bacillus).
Definition
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pasturella
Term
What bacteria exhibit bipolar staining?
Definition
Pasturella multocida & Yersinia pestis
Term
What antibiotic can be used to treat Pasturella?
Definition
Tetracycline
Term
What are some spore-forming bacteria?
Definition
Bacillus; Clostridia
Term
What are some outer envelope components?
Definition
Capsule, Flagella, Pili/Fimbriae, Outer membrane/LPS, Periplasmic space/Gr-, Cell wall, inner membrane
Term
What type of bacteria contain LPS?
Definition
Gr -
Term
What type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer?
Definition
Gr +
Term
Why do Gr + bacteria retain crystal violet?
Definition
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Term
What type of bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer?
Definition
Gr -
Term
What type of bacteria have a periplasmic space?
Definition
Gr -
Term
LPS
Definition
Lipopolysaccharide
Term
What are some outer envelope structures of E. coli?
Definition
Pili/Fimbriae & Flagella
Term
How do E. coli attach to mucosa?
Definition
Fimbriae
Term
What are some bacteria with flagella?
Definition
E. coli, Salmonella
Term
Does Gram-stain show flagella?
Definition
No
Term
Bacterial Spores
Definition
Highly R thick-walled oval or spherical bodies
Term
Is B. anthracis aerobic or anaerobic?
Definition
Aerobic
Term
What bacteria have terminal spores that are drumstick or tennis racket like in appearance?
Definition
Clostridium tetani
Term
Are Clostridia aerobic or anaerobic?
Definition
Anaerobic
Term
What is the doubling time of E. coli?
Definition
20min
Term
What is the doubling time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Definition
24 hr
Term
Viable, but non-culturable bacteria can be present in the _____ phase.
Definition
Decline
Term
Many pathogens need ____ for nutrition.
Definition
Blood
Term
Give an example of a bacteria that requires blood.
Definition
Pasturella
Term
Does E. coli require blood to grow?
Definition
No
Term
What are the 4 phases of the bacterial growth curve?
Definition
Lag, Log/Exponential Growth, Stationary, Death/Log Decline
Term
At what phase of bacterial growth are virulence factors expressed?
Definition
Exponential Growth/Log Phase
Term
Are most pathogens aerobic, microaerophilic, or anaerobic?
Definition
Aerobic
Term
Give an example of a microaerophilic bacteria.
Definition
Campylobacter jejuni
Term
Give 2 examples of anaerobic bacteria.
Definition
Fusobacterium, Clostridium
Term
Give an example of a thermophilic bacterium.
Definition
C. jejuni
Term
What temperature do thermophilic bacteria grow at?
Definition
45 C
Term
What temperature do psychrophilic bacteria grow at?
Definition
4 C
Term
Give 2 examples of psychrophilic bacteria.
Definition
Listeria, Yersinia enterocolitica
Term
What % O2 is normal? What % is microaerophilic?
Definition
20%; 5%
Term
What is required to cultivate microaerophilic bacteria & anaerobes?
Definition
Special pouches or jars
Term
What is characteristic of an anaerobic chamber?
Definition
Completely O2-free
Term
What is another term for freeze drying?
Definition
Lyophilization
Term
What are 3 methods of preserving bacteria?
Definition
Freeze-drying, freezing at -70C, freezing in liquid Nitrogen (-190C)
Term
What are 2 methods of bacterial inactivation?
Definition
Thermal/Sterilization, Chemical/Killing by Formalin ~0.5% or beta-propiolactone (vaccines)
Term
What are 3 preliminary tests for diagnosis of bacterial dz?
Definition
Oxidase, Catalase, Agglutination
Term
Samples should be collected before _____.
Definition
Antibiotic treatment
Term
Are dry swabs suitable for sample collection & transport?
Definition
No
Term
What type of swabs keep specimens moist, leaving bacteria viable, yet not multiplying?
Definition
Transport Swab
Term
What temperature should samples be held at when transport swabs are used?
Definition
4C
Term
What is used for sample collection from uterus?
Definition
Guarded Swab
Term
What type of swab allows aseptic sample collection from the site of infection?
Definition
Guarded Swab
Term
Direct Gram's smear was taken from a deep wound w/ foul smelling dark discharge. Routine culture on blood & MacConkey agar was (-) for growth. What are the bacteria?
Definition
Anaerobes - Most likely clostridia
Term
What is used to treat Clostridium?
Definition
Penicillin
Term
What are 2 routinely used culture media?
Definition
Blood & MacConkey Agar
Term
What bacteria show mucoid colonies on BA & lactose fermenting colonies on Mac agar?
Definition
Klebsiella
Term
Give an example of a bacteria that can cause otitis externa in dogs, & genital tract infections in horses.
Definition
Klebsiella
Term
Describe MacConkey agar.
Definition
Selective for Gr -, differential for lactose fermentation
Term
MA
Definition
MacConkey Agar
Term
What Gr + cocci in bunches show double zone hemolysis on BA?
Definition
S. aureus
Term
What test is done to differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus?
Definition
Catalase Test
Term
Describe the Catalase Test. What bacteria will bubble?
Definition
Add a drop of 3% H2O2 to a few colonies on a slide. Staph will bubble.
Term
Is pseudomonas penicillin S or R?
Definition
R
Term
What can be used to treat Pseudomonas?
Definition
Gentamycin
Term
What is the most common cause of wound inf. in N Am?
Definition
Pseudomonas
Term
Is pseudomonas Oxidase (+) or (-)?
Definition
(+)
Term
What media will Pseudomonas grow on?
Definition
BA & MA
Term
What color is a positive oxidase rxn?
Definition
Purple
Term
What is an example of a commercial bacteria ID sys?
Definition
API (Analytical Products Inc) Strip
Term
For what bacteria is it necessary to use a selective or enriched broth medium to isolate the organism?
Definition
Salmonella
Term
For Salmonella isolation, feces is first inoculated into ______ or ______ & incubated. The ingredients in this media suppress ______ & ____ other than Salmonella. After ___ hr, subculture is done on ___ & ____.
Definition
Rappaport or Selenite broth; E. coli & enterics; 18; BA & MA
Term
Is Salmonella zoonotic?
Definition
Yes
Term
For isolation & ID of bacteria, always use _____.
Definition
Pure Culture
Term
After isolation & ID of bacteria, what is done?
Definition
Antibiotic sensitivity testing
Term
What is one method of antibiotic sensitivity testing?
Definition
Disk Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) Method
Term
What medium is used for disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing?
Definition
Mueller Hinton agar
Term
Diagnosis of _____ is done using bacterial agglutination for Ab's.
Definition
Brucellosis
Term
Latex particle/slide aggln is done for typing of ____
Definition
Streptococci; S. aureus, E coli
Term
FloAb is used for ____.
Definition
Canine Brucellosis
Term
ELISA tests are used for antibodies, e.g. _____, or toxins, e.g. _____.
Definition
Lyme dz; Clostridium perfringens
Term
Serotyping of bacteria is done for ____
Definition
E coli
Term
DHT is used for ___ & ___.
Definition
Tuberculosis, Glanders
Term
What are 2 diseases that have a carrier state?
Definition
TB, Brucellosis
Term
Is TB zoonotic?
Definition
Yes
Term
What is another name for DTH test?
Definition
Mallein Test
Term
DTH testing is done to diagnose glanders in ____, & TB in ___.
Definition
Horses; Cattle
Term
What organism causes glanders?
Definition
Pseudomonas
Term
What are 3 bacterial pathogenesis factors?
Definition
Host susceptibility, Bacterial infectivity, Virulence factors
Term
Give some examples of virulence factors.
Definition
Pili, non-fimbrial adhesins, capsule, toxins
Term
What organism causes shipping fever in cattle?
Definition
Mannheimia haemolytica
Term
Does Mannheimia haemolytica affect dogs?
Definition
No
Term
Mannheimia haemolytica is specific to ____.
Definition
Cattle
Term
E. coli strains that cause diarrhea in neonatal calves do not cause diarrhea in older cattle, b/c _____.
Definition
The older animals have no receptors in the intestine for attachment of E. coli
Term
E. coli strains which cause Hamburger dz belong to specific _____, & produce _____, which damages ____.
Definition
Serotypes, Shiga toxin, Blood vessels
Term
What type of toxin is Shiga toxin?
Definition
Enterotoxin
Term
Capsules help bacteria escape from ____.
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
Pathogenic E. coli strains have ____ for attachment to ____, & ability to produce _____.
Definition
Pili, intestinal mucosa, enterotoxin
Term
Do pathogenic E. coli release enterotoxin first, or bind to intestinal mucosa?
Definition
First bind to mucosa, then release enterotoxin
Term
An organism that causes dz
Definition
Pathogen
Term
Establishment of pathogen in host
Definition
Infection
Term
Give an example of an obligate pathogen.
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Term
Give an example of a primary pathogen.
Definition
Chlamydophila felis
Term
What organism causes conjunctivitis in cats?
Definition
Chlamydophila felis
Term
Give an example of a secondary pathogen.
Definition
Staph
Term
Give an example of an opportunistic pathogen
Definition
Staph, E. coli --> UTI
Term
Give an example of an endogenous inf
Definition
Gingivitis in dogs from commensals
Term
Give an example of exogenous inf
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Term
C. tetani produce ____ toxin
Definition
Exotoxin
Term
Give 2 examples of contagious dz
Definition
Strangles in horses, Pneumonic plague
Term
What organism causes pneumonic plague?
Definition
Yersinia pestis
Term
What organism causes Strangles?
Definition
Streptococcus equi
Term
The degree of pathogenicity bacteria may lose or gain
Definition
Virulence
Term
The process of diminishing virulence
Definition
Attenuation
Term
Is Tetanus an inf?
Definition
No - it is an intoxication
Term
Are clostridium tetani & botulinum contagious?
Definition
No
Term
Give some examples of bacterial entry
Definition
Inhalation, Ingestion, Skin/mucosa abrasion, Urogenital tract, Placenta to fetus, Umbilicus
Term
Give an example of an inhaled bacteria
Definition
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Term
What does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in dogs? In cats?
Definition
Kennel cough, Feline pneumonia
Term
Give an example of an ingested bacteria.
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Give an example of a bacteria in contaminated water.
Definition
Leptospira
Term
Give an example of a bacteria that enters through the urogenital tract.
Definition
Brucella
Term
Give an example of a bacteria transmitted from placenta to fetus.
Definition
Brucella
Term
Give an example of a bacteria that is transmitted via umbilicus.
Definition
E. coli
Term
Spread by contact, food, water, etc.
Definition
Horizontal Transmission
Term
Transmission from mother to offspring during pregnancy.
Definition
Vertical Transmission
Term
Give an example of a species-specific pathogen.
Definition
Streptococcus equi
Term
Give an example of an organ-specific pathogen.
Definition
Brucella abortus/canis (genital organs)
Term
What structure helps with bacterial attachment and colonization?
Definition
Pili
Term
What factors help bacteria escape the immune system?
Definition
Capsules, Toxins
Term
Name 2 intracellular bacteria that invade host cells.
Definition
Mycobacterium, Salmonella
Term
Name a bacteria with antigenic variation.
Definition
Mycoplasma
Term
Name 2 bacteria that cause apoptosis.
Definition
Salmonella, Listeria
Term
How are virulence factors acquired?
Definition
Mutation, Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
Term
Bacteriophage enters and codes for virulence factor.
Definition
Transduction
Term
Give an example of a toxin that is transferred via transduction.
Definition
Botulism toxin
Term
What structure, transferred by conjugation, codes for antimicrobial resistance factor & virulence factors?
Definition
Plasmid
Term
Plasmids are transferred by _____.
Definition
Conjugation
Term
Are exotoxins produced by Gr + or - bacteria?
Definition
Both
Term
Examples of exotoxins
Definition
Tetanus neurotoxin, Cholera toxin, E coli enterotoxin, Botulism neurotoxin
Term
Examples of endotoxins
Definition
LPS --> Endotoxemia
Term
Are endotoxins produced by Gr + or - bacteria?
Definition
Gr -
Term
____ are secreted by the bacteria; ____ is a part of the cell wall.
Definition
Exotoxins; Endotoxin
Term
Penicillin ___ bacteria.
Definition
Lyses
Term
What type of toxin is botulism toxin?
Definition
Exotoxin
Term
What toxin causes flaccid paralysis of mm?
Definition
Botulism toxin
Term
What toxin causes spastic contraction of mm & lockjaw?
Definition
Tetanus neurotoxin
Term
What type of toxin is tetanus neurotoxin?
Definition
Exotoxin
Term
Are fluoroquinolones NS or BS?
Definition
BS
Term
What type of drugs should be used to target bacteria?
Definition
Specific, NS
Term
What drug is used to treat S. equi?
Definition
Penicillin
Term
How do penicillins stop infections?
Definition
Destroy cell wall
Term
Give an example of a bactericidal antibiotic.
Definition
Penicillin
Term
Kills bacteria
Definition
Bactericidal
Term
Inhibits bacterial growth
Definition
Bacteriostatic
Term
Give an example of a bacteriostatic antibiotic.
Definition
Tetracycline
Term
Give 2 examples of NS drug.
Definition
Bacitracin, Penicillin G
Term
Give 2 examples of BS drugs.
Definition
Tetracycline, Doxycycline
Term
What is one chemical grouping of antibiotics?
Definition
Beta lactams
Term
Does bacitracin target Gr + or - bacteria?
Definition
Gr -
Term
What is the aim of antibacterial drugs?
Definition
Maintain effective [ ] @ inf site
Term
Dosage of antibiotics is _____
Definition
3-5x MIC
Term
MIC
Definition
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Term
Routes of antibacterial drugs:
Definition
PO, IV, IM, SC, Local (eye, ear)
Term
What drug can be fatal to rabbits, chinchillas, and guinea pigs?
Definition
Penicillin & Cephalosporins
Term
Is Streptococcus equi Penicillin R or S?
Definition
S
Term
Antibacterial drugs should reach _____ @ _____.
Definition
Active concentration, inf. site
Term
What drug is good for urinary, lung, & skin inf?
Definition
Baytril/Enrofloxacin
Term
What drug should not be given PO? Why not?
Definition
Penicillin G; destroyed in stomach
Term
Long-acting drugs such as Liquamycin-LA are administered _____
Definition
IM in cattle
Term
What bacteria causes pink eye in cattle?
Definition
Moraxella bovis
Term
What antibiotics act by inhibition of cell wall synthesis?
Definition
Penicillins, Cephalosporins
Term
What antibiotics act by damage to cell membrane function?
Definition
Polymyxins
Term
What antibiotics act by inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis or function?
Definition
Sulfonamides, Quinolones, Enrofloxacin
Term
What antibiotics act by inhibition of protein synthesis (ribosomes)?
Definition
Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin)
Term
What drug is used only in creams (not systemically)
Definition
Polymyxins
Term
What do drug resistant S. aureus produce? What does it do?
Definition
Beta-lactamase, destroy B-lactam ring of penicillin, Inactivate drug
Term
What is a common nosocomial bacterial inf?
Definition
S. aureus
Term
Give examples of Beta lactam drugs.
Definition
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Clavamox, Ceftiofur, Ceftazidime
Term
Give an example of an Aminoglycoside.
Definition
Gentamicin
Term
Give an example of a Macrolide.
Definition
Erythromycin
Term
Give an example of a Sulfonamide
Definition
Trimethoprim
Term
Give an example of a fluoroquinolone
Definition
Enrofloxacin
Term
Beta lactam drugs are ____.
Definition
Bactericidal
Term
What drug is used to treat Mycoplasma?
Definition
Tetracycline
Term
What drug is used to treat pseudomonas?
Definition
Aminoglycosides (Gentamicin), Fluoroquinolones
Term
What drug is used to treat Campy?
Definition
Macrolides
Term
Is penicillin G NS or BS?
Definition
NS
Term
Is Ampicillin NS or BS?
Definition
BS
Term
What are some potentiated penicillins?
Definition
Ampicillin + Sulbactam, Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid
Term
What bacteria is Penicillin G effective against?
Definition
Corynebacterium, most Streptococcus
Term
Is Erysipelothrix penicillin S or R?
Definition
S
Term
Avoid creation of drug-R bacteria by using ____ antibiotics.
Definition
NS
Term
Ampicillin-sulbactam counteracts _______.
Definition
Beta lactamase enzyme of bacteria
Term
Sulbactam inactivates _____, while ampicillin acts on ____.
Definition
B-lactamase, bacteria
Term
B-lactamase enzymes inactivate _____, including ____.
Definition
Beta lactam drugs, Amoxicillin
Term
Which is resistant to B-lactamase? Amoxicillin or Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid?
Definition
Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid
Term
BS or NS? Clavamox
Definition
BS
Term
Does Clavamox target anaerobes?
Definition
Yes
Term
Is Clavamox active against Pseudomonas?
Definition
No
Term
Is Clavamox active against Mycoplasma?
Definition
No
Term
What is the structure of tetracyclines?
Definition
4 Ring structure
Term
Is enrofloxacin active against anaerobes?
Definition
No
Term
Name 2 antibacterial drugs that are active against anaerobes.
Definition
Clindamycin, Metronidazole
Term
What bacteria do not require susceptibility testing?
Definition
Corynebacterium, Erysipelothrix, Bacillus
Term
Give an example of a synergistic antibiotic.
Definition
Sulfa + Trimethoprim
Term
What is one application of sulfa + trimithoprim?
Definition
UTI
Term
What is one sporicidal chemical?
Definition
Formaldehyde
Term
What can be used to kill anthrax? For how long?
Definition
Formalin 5% spray, 4hrs
Term
Does Formalin kill spores?
Definition
Yes
Term
Natural habitat is soil
Definition
Geophilic
Term
Animals are the source
Definition
Zoophilic
Term
Do Malassezia form mycelia?
Definition
No
Term
Ring worm fungi
Definition
Dermatomycoses
Term
Do antibodies protect against fungi?
Definition
Rarely
Term
What is a BS antifungal drug?
Definition
Ketoconazole ("Nizoral")
Term
What drug is used to treat Candida inf?
Definition
Nystatin
Term
Is nystatin BS or NS?
Definition
NS
Term
What drug is given for ringworm inf? How is it administered?
Definition
Griseofulvin, PO
Term
Is nystatin effective against ringworm?
Definition
No
Term
What is another name for ringworm?
Definition
Dermatomycosis
Term
How is ringworm diagnosed?
Definition
Wood's Lamp, KOH Wet mount
Term
Is ringworm zoonotic?
Definition
Yes
Term
What fungus fluoresces under Wood's lamp?
Definition
Ringworm
Term
How are samples collected for ringworm Dx?
Definition
Hair collection, Basal portion/Hair root req'd
Term
What is the #1 ringworm causing fungus in dogs & cats?
Definition
M. canis
Term
What is the #2 ringworm causing fungus in dogs?
Definition
T. mentagrophytes
Term
Give an example of a systemic anti-fungal drug,
Definition
Griseofulvin, Ketoconazole
Term
Give an example of an anti-dermatophyte drug.
Definition
Griseofulvin
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