no nuclear membrane

single circular chromosome (haploid)

transcription and translation occur simultaneously (coupled)

respiration is via the cytoplasmic membrane

no cytoplasmic membrane bound organelles

nucleus is bound by nuclear membrane

multiple chromosomes-DNA associated with histones (diploid)

transcription occurs in nucleus and mRNA moves into cytoplasm for translation

respiration via mito

cytoplasmic membrane bound organelles

cytoplasmic membrane

cell wall (peptidoglycan)

capsule

outer membrane

lipid bilayer

semi-permeable

70% protein

30% phospholipids

No sterols -exception is mycoplasma

transport

site of attachment for enzymes

DNA replication

Electron Transport (energy generation)

Oxidative phosphorylation

Cell wall biosynthesis

found only in gram negative bacteria

space between outer and cytoplasmic membrane

contains degrative enzymes, nucleases, phosphatases, penicillinases

rigid

give bacteria its shape

protects from osmotic lysis

target for antibiotics

viscous material extending from the bacterial cell

adhesive polymer

secreted by bacteria

glycocalyx bound tightly to the cell wall

covers cell surface

composed of polysaccharide polymers except for Bacillus subtilis; used in certain vaccines

has K antigens

 considered a virulence factor

antiphagocytic

hinders opsonization

mediates adhesion of bacteria to human tissues

helps in lab id via Quellung reaction

hairlike structures on the surface of bacteria

smaller diameter than flagella

 composed of pilin (pilE)

pneumococci

meningococci

E. Coli

N. gonorrhoeae

undergo phase and antigenic variation

tips may have lectins tha bind to specific sugars

organelles for locomotion

composed of 3 parts

composed of flagellin

has H antigen

used in id of Salmonella/Enterobacteriacea

undergo phase variation

basal body

hook

filament

propel cells by rotation motion

proton motive force

monotrichous

lophotrichous

ampitrichous

peritrichous

Proteas

Bacillus

process of moving in specific direction in response to environmental stimuli

swim counterclockwise toward an chemoattractant

swim clockwise away from repellents

terminates at flagella motor

starts with the binding of chemoattractancts/repellants to chemoreceptors in the membrane

either methylation or demethylation of methyl accepting chemotaxis proteins that triggers the rotation of flagellum and tumbling

storage granules (metachromatic)

storage mechanism when nutrients are low

id feature in Corynebacterium diphtheriae

polymetaphosphates-volutin granules (babes ernst)

glycogen- like polymers

poly beta hydroxybutyric acid

protein synthesis

70S= 50S +30S

60% RNA and 40% protein

30S subunit (16S RNA and 21 proteins)

50S subunit (23S RNA, 5S RNA and 34 proteins)

found in gram-positive bacteria

are dormant and dehydrated

resistant to heat, chemicals, drying, freezing

contains chromosome, proteins, ribosomes, and high concentrations of calcium dipicolinic acid

spore mRNA transcribed

chromosome is duplicated

core is formed along with the cortex

protein coat is formed

exosporium is formed

conversion of spores to vegeatative cells

outgrowth

rich in glycerol phosphate/ribitol phosphate

attached via phosphate groups to muramic acid in PG

found in gram positive bacteria

activate alternative pathway of complement

adhesion of bacteria to host cells

involved in the antigencity of the cell wall

reinforced cell shape

provided protection

excludes hydrophobic protein

an asymmetric bilayer

external layer composed of LPS

outer membrane proteins

trimeric proteins

has a pore that allows chemicals and nutrients traverse the outer membrane along with hydrophilic solutes

lipid a

core polysaccharide

o antigen

repeating carbohydrate units

attached to the core and extends away from the cell

distinguishes serotypes of a species

accounts for antigenic diversity among serotypes

if its missing there is sensitivity to bile salts and antibiotics

has an outer (structural variability) and inner (low structural variability) core

has 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonis acid (KDO)

associated with serologic specificity

branched 9-12 sugars

responsible for toxicity of endotoxin  pyrogenic

consist of a chain of phosphorylated D-glucosamine disaccharide units with fatty acids attached

lipid a and core portion synthesized on inner surface of cytoplasmic membrane

repeat units of the O antigen are assembled on a bactoprenol molecule

finished o antigen chain transferred to core lipid a structure

present in Neisseria gonorrheae, N. meninigitidis

lacks o antigen portion of lps

readily shed from the bacteria

important virulence factor

stimulate innate immune responses

activates B cell and induces macrophages release cytokines (interleukin 1,6 and TNF)

complement and coagulation cascades are activated

fever and shock

DIC

death from massive organ dsyfunction

hydrolyzes the band between N acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

treatment of gram positive bacteria produce protoplasts

"" of gram negactive bacteria produce spheroplasts

no cell wall

variable morphology

sterols in cytoplasmic membrane