Term
| How does bacteria need to respond to changes in environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| If bacteria has enough of a product, why do they need to stop production? |
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Definition
| waste of energy to produce more |
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Term
| If bacteria has enough of a product, how do they stop production? |
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Definition
| stop production of enzymes for synthesis |
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Term
| What happens when bacteria finds a new food/energy source? |
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Definition
| Need to utilize it quickly |
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Term
| Why does bacteria need to utilize new food/energy sources quickly? |
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Definition
| metabolism, growth, and reproduction |
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Term
| How does bacteria utilize new food/energy sources? |
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Definition
| start production of enzymes for digestion |
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Term
| In Feedback Inhibition, the product acts as an ______________ __________ of 1st enzyme in tryptophan pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is feedback inhibition a useful production of enzymes? |
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Definition
| No. It is a wasteful production of enzymes. |
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Term
What is this?
Instead of blocking enzyme function, block transcription of genes for all enzymes in tryptophan pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| how does gene regulation save energy? |
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Definition
| by not wasting it on unncessary protein synthesis |
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Term
| How do cells vary amount of specific enzymes? |
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Definition
| Regulate gene transcription |
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Term
| What does it mean to regulate gene transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
Is this gene being turned on or off?
if bacterium has enough tryptophan then it doesn't need to make enzymes used to build tryptophan |
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Definition
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Term
Is this gene being turned on or off?
if bacterium encounters new sugar (energy source) like lactose, then it needs to start making enzymes used to digest lactose. |
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Definition
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Term
| In rapid growth, how often does generation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many genes are generated overnight? |
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Definition
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Term
True or false?
Cells cary the number of specific enzyme molecules by regulating gene expression |
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Definition
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Term
True or False?
cells adjust the activity of enzymes already present |
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Definition
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Term
| genes grouped together with related functions |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the promoter in an operon? |
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Definition
| RNA polymerase binding site |
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Term
| What does the single promoter control in Operons? |
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Definition
| controls transcription of all genes in operon |
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Term
| How is the promoter transcribed? |
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Definition
| transcribed as one unit and a single mRNA is made |
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Term
| what is the operator in an operon? |
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Definition
| DNA binding site of repressor protein |
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Term
| What three things does the repressor protein do? |
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Definition
binds to DNA at operator site
blocks RNA polymerase
blocks transcription |
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Term
| How does the repressor protein turn off genes? |
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Definition
| blocking RNA polymerase binding site |
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Term
| When excess trytophan is present, it binds to _________ __________ _________ & triggers repressor to bind to DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the synthesis pathway model accomplish? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens when trytophan is present? |
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Definition
| you don't need to make trytophan building enzymes |
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Term
| Trytophan is _____________ _____________ of repressor protein |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Digestive pathway model, when lactose is present, it binds to _______ ______________ _____________& triggers repressor to release DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the digestive pathway model induce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when lactose is present? |
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Definition
| need to make lactose-digesting enzymes |
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Term
| Lactose is ____________ _______________ of repressor protein |
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Definition
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Term
| Repressible operons usually functions where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the repressible operon do to end products? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a repressible operon, when end product is present in excess, cell does what? |
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Definition
| allocates resources to other uses |
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Term
| Inducible operons usually function where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the inducible operon do to simpler molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the inducible operon produce? |
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Definition
| produce enzmes only when nutrient is available |
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Term
| small infectious particles consisting of nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat, and, in some cases, a membranous envelope |
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Definition
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Term
| viral genomes may consist of..... |
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Definition
Double or single stranded DNA
Double or single stranded RNA |
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Term
| What has the most complex caspids found among viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are the best understood of all viruses |
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Definition
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Term
| What two reproductive mechanisms do phages go through? |
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Definition
Lytic cycle
Lysogenic cycle |
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Term
| A phage reproductive cycle that culminates in the death of the host and produces new phages and digests the host's cell, releasing progeny viruses |
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Definition
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Term
| replicates the phage genome without destroying the host |
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Definition
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Term
| capable of using both the lyctic and lysogenic cycles of reproduction |
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Definition
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Term
| what uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a retrovirus, what happens before integrating the host genome as a provirus? |
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Definition
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Term
| harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defense against actual pathogen, and can prevent certain viral illnesses |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the simplest infectious agents? |
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Definition
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Term
| circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt their growh |
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Definition
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Term
| slow-acting, virtually indestructable infections proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals, propagate by converting normal proteins to this new version |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| how does bacteria reproduce? |
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Definition
| by mitosis through binary fission |
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Term
| singular circular chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
| What picks up naked foreign DNA, imports bits of chromosomes from other bacteria, and incorporates the DNA bits into their own chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Small supplemental circles of DNA that are self replicating |
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Definition
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Term
| insert plasmid into bacteria |
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Definition
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|
Term
restriction endonucleases
evolved in bacteria to cut up foreign DNA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| where is DNA cut at specific sequences? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In restriction enzymes, what do the "sticky ends" bind to? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe the steps of transformation |
|
Definition
inserts recombinant plasmid into bacteria
grow recombinant bacteria in agar cultures
production of many copies of inserted gene
production of "new protein" |
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Term
| How do we compare DNA fragments? |
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Definition
| seperate fragments by size |
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Term
| How do we separate DNA fragments? |
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Definition
| run it through a gelatin called agarose made from algae |
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Term
| What is the charge of DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since DNA moves in an electrical field, how does that help you compare DNA fragments? |
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Definition
| size of DNA fragments affects how far it rravels |
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Term
| When this happens, only bacteria with the plasmid will grow in antibiotic (ampicillin) plate |
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Definition
| antibiotic becomes a selecting agent |
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Term
| Tell the steps of DNA hybridization |
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Definition
find sequence of DNA usinga labled probe
heat treat DNA in gel
wash gel with probe |
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Term
| In DNA libraries, what cuts up all nuclear DNA from many cells of an organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| In DNA libraries, what is it called when all fragments are cloned into DNA plasmids at the same time? |
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Definition
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Term
| In DNA libraries, what happens when a collection of DNA fragments are created and stored? |
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Definition
| petri dish has a collection of all DNA fragments from the organism |
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Term
| all DNA from many cells of an organism is cut with __________________ ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In DNA libraries, _______________ ______________ are inserted into bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| plate of bacterial colonies storing & copying all genes from an organism |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you located a gene of interest if you know the sequence of protein? |
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Definition
can "guess" part of DNA sequence
"back translate" protein to DNA |
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Term
| plate with bacterial colonies carrying recombinant plasmids |
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Definition
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|
Term
expose film
locate colony on plate from film |
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Definition
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|
Term
| press filter paper onto plate to take sample of cells from every colony |
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Definition
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|
Term
heat filter paper to denature DNA
wash filter paper with radioactive probe which will only attach to gene of interest |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you clean the "junk"? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
RNA ---> DNA
from retroviruses |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Labeled cDNA hybridizes with DNA on slide |
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Definition
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