Term
| Which Bacteria produce Endospores and why are these bacteria so hard to treat? |
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Definition
Clostridium (anaerobic) and Bacillus (aerobic or facultative anaerobes).
These spores can survive for a long time given there absent metabolic rates (high water content), and their DNA-stabalizing proteins. |
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Term
Bacteroides-liked Bacteria
B
V
E
D
T |
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Definition
NOT CONTAGIOUS
B) Gram (-), anaerobic rods (Nonclostridial) found as normal flora in colon, vagina and mouth
- Bile-senstive, pigmented, species are called "Porphyromonas" and "Prevotella"
V)
- Antiphagocytic capsule
- LPS from Porphyromonas and Prevotella is endotoxic
- Proteases for tissue spreading
- only 0.5% of gut flora, but most associated
E) Endogenous infections when they breech epithelium via surgery, wounds or ruptures (must be accompanied by low tissue redox)
- NOT CONTAGIOUS
D) Bacteroides fragilis- Peritonitis and then abscess
Prevotella bivia- female genital tract can cause PID and infertility
Prevotella melaninogenica and Porphyromonas gingivalis- found in mouth and can cause respiratory tract infections
- If they enter blood, they can cause bacteremia (rapidly fatal) |
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Term
Histotoxic Clostridia (Perfringens)
B
V
E
D
T |
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Definition
B) Gram (+), anerobic, spore-forming rods found in GI, soil or both (obligate anaerobes).
- C. perfringens 90% of time
- C septicum with GI cancer
V) Exotoxin secretion
- alpha-toxin from C. perfringens is a lecithinase (PLC) that disrupts mammalian cell membranes.
E) Both endogenous and exogenous infections
- Enter into vegetative cells or spores into wound ruptures and tumors.
- Low redox conditions
D)
- Gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis)
- Enter circulation and can be rapidly fatal
- Anaerobic cellulitis (only cutaneous/subcutaneous tissue)
- Simple wound infections/Organ infections (uterine)
- C. perfringens type A food poisoning (enterotoxin-diarrhea)
T)
- Remove affected tissue with surgery with antibiotics
- Hyperbaric O2
- Keep wounds clean! |
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Term
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Definition
B) Gram (+), anaerobic, spore-forming rod.
V) Tetanus neurotoxin inhibits inhibitory neurotransmitter release resulting in muscle contraction
E) Implantation of spores at wound or at childbirth via umbilical stump (requires low redox and has long incubation time)
D) Toxin migrates along nerves to CNS and causes convulsive muscle contractions of voluntary muscles of jaw, back and extremities. Respiratory failure causes death
T) Tetanus anti-toxin, or prevent with "toxoid," which is inactive form in DPT vaccine that confers resistance (normally, toxin levels are too low to mount an immune response)
- Should immunize moms to pass antibodies on. |
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Term
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Definition
B) Pleiomorphic, gram (-), non-sporeforming, non-motile pathogens.
-Obligate intracellular pathogen (too small to stain)
V) NA
E) vector-borne and transmitted by feas, ticks, lice, ect.
D) R. rickettsii (rocky mountain spotted fever) and R. typhi (endemic typhi) |
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Term
| What are the 7 major gram + bacterial species? |
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Definition
1) Streptococcus and Enterococcus (cocci in strips)
2) Staphylococcus (cocci in cluster)
3) Clostridium and Bacilli (spore-forming rods)
4) Listeria and Corynebacterium (non-spore-forming rods) |
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Term
| What are the 7 Facultative Intracellular organisms? |
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Definition
Listen Sally Yer Friend Bruice Must Leave
1) Listeria
2) Salmonella
3) Yersinia
4) Francisella tularensis
5) Brucella
6) Mycobacterium
7) Ligionella |
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Term
Which bacteria produce Exotoxins that cause Infectious diarrhea?
What about Food poisoning? |
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Definition
1) Vibrio cholera, E. coli, Campylobacter jajuni, Shigella dysenteriae
2) Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
| What 4 Bacteria produce Exotoxins? |
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Definition
cAMP
1) Cholera (Vibrio cholera)
2) Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
3) Montezuma's revenge (E. coli)
4) Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis) |
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Term
| Which bugs do not gram-stain well? |
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Definition
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
1) Treponema pallidum (dark-field and IF)
2) Rickettsia (intracellular)
3) Mycobacteria (Lipid-content needs acid-fast)
4) Mycoplasma (No cell wall and high sterols)
5) Legionella pneumophila (intracellular- silver stain)
6) Chlamydia (Intracellular) |
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Term
| Which pathogens are obligate aerobes? |
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Definition
Nagging Pests Must Breathe
1) Nocardia (treat with TM/SFX)
2) Pseudomonas (treat with a bunch, but try Ceftazidime)
3) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
4) Bacillus (gram +, spore-producing rod) |
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Term
| Which pathogens are obligate anaerobes? |
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Definition
anaerobes Cant Breathe Air
** no catalase or SOD and tend to produce gas**
1) Clostridium
2) Bacteroides
3) Actinomyces |
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Term
| Which bugs are obligate intracellular pathogens? |
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Definition
stay inside cells when it is Really Cold
** Can't gram stain these and they can't make ATP**
1) Rickettsia
2) Chlamydia |
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Term
| Which bugs are facultative intracellular? |
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Definition
Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY
1) Salmonella
2) Neisseria
3) Brucella
4) Mycobacteria
5) Legionella
6) Francisella
7) Listeria
8) Yersinia |
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Term
| When bacteria are encapsulated? |
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Definition
SHiN SKiS
anti-phagocytic. Give capsule+protein for vaccines.
1) Strep. pneumo
2) Haemophilus influenza
3) Neisseria meningiditis
4) Salmonella
5) Klebsiella
6) group B Strep |
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Term
| Which organisms are Catalase (+) and a particular problem in Neutropenic situations (CGD or neutropenia) |
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Definition
SSPACE for your CATs (catalase)
1) S. aureus
2) Serratia
3) Pseudomonas
4) Actinomyces
5) Candida
6) E. coli
7) Aspergillus |
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Term
| Which bugs have available vaccines? |
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Definition
1) Hemophilus influenza B (conjugated vaccine)
2) Pneumovax (polysacharide only- IgM response)
3) Meningococcal vaccines |
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Term
| Which bugs are Urease (+) |
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Definition
PUNCH-K
** these bugs can raise the pH of their environment**
1) Proteus
2) Ureaplasma
3) Nocardia
4) Cryptococcus
5) H. pylori**
6) Klebsiella |
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Term
| Which organisms produce diagnostically useful pigments? |
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Definition
1) Actinomyces (yellow sulfar)
2) S. aureus (yelllow)
3) Pseudomonas (blue-green)
4) Serratia (red) |
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Term
| How does protein A work in S. aureus? |
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Definition
| Binds Fc region of IgA and prevents opsonization and phagocytosis |
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Term
| How does IgA protease work in encapsulated organisms (Strep. pneumo, Neisseria meningiditis, Haemophilus influenza)? |
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Definition
| Cleaves IgA to colonize respiratory mucosa |
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Term
| How does M protein work in Strep A? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organisms utilize an exotoxin to increase fluid secretions? |
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Definition
1) ETEC
uses LT (Adenylate Cyclase) to increase secretion and ST (Guanylyl cyclase) to decrease reabsorption)
2) Y. enterocolitica
Uses ST to decrease reabsorption (through guanylyl cyclase) leading to bloodying diarrhea.
3) Bacillus anthracis
Uses Edema factor (with protective antigen) to increase Adenylate Cyclase and increase Cl- secretion
4) Vibrio cholerae uses cholera toxin to increase Adenylate Cyclase |
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Term
| Which bugs use exotoxins to lyse cell membranes? |
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Definition
1) C. perfringens
Alpha toxin (PLC) degrades membranes
2) S. pyogenes
Streptolysin O contributes to beta hemolysis (antibody ASO used to diagnose rheumatic fever) |
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Term
| Which bugs use exotoxins to inhibit protein synthesis? |
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Definition
2 Pairs (Diptheria/Pseudomonas inhibit EF-2 and Shigella/EHEC cause HUS)
1) Corynbacterium diptheriae
Diptheria toxin to inhibit EF-2 and cause pharyngitis
2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Exotoxin A to inhibit EF-2 and cause host cell death
3) Shigella uses Shiga toxin to cleave 60S rRNA and cause HUS
4) EHEC (O157:H7) uses Shiga-like toxin to cleave 60s rRNA and cause HUS |
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Term
| Which bugs use exotoxins to inhibit neurotransmitter release? |
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Definition
1) C. tetani (inhibitory release release causing lock jaw)
2) C. botulinum (Ach release causing flacid paralysis) |
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Term
| Which bugs produce super-antigens causing shock? |
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Definition
Strep. pyogenes (Exotoxin A) and Staph aureus (TSST-1) bring MHC II and TCR close together causing an overwhelming release of IFN-Y and IL-2, leading to shock.
FEVER, RASH and SHOCK |
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Term
A gram stain reveals gram-positive, branching filaments.
What are your options? |
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Definition
1) Actinomyces (Anaerobe, no acid fast)
2) Nocardia (Aerobic, weakly acid fast) |
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Term
A gram stain reveals gram-positive, cocci.
What could it be? |
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Definition
1) Staphyloccocus (Catalase +)
- S. aureus (coagulase-positive)
- S. epidermidis (coagulase-negative and Novobiocin sensitive)
- S. saprophyticus (coagulase-negative, and Novobiocin resistant)
2) Streptococcus (Catalase -)
- Gamma hemolysis (Enteroccous grows in 6.5% NaCl or S. bovisl)
- Beta hemolysis/clear (Group A-Bacitracin sensitive or Group B-Bacitracin resistant)
- Alpha hemolysis/green (Capsulated/Optochin sensitive-S. pnuemo or No capsule/Optochin resistant- S. mutans) |
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Term
A gram stain reveals gram (+) cocci that are catalase (-).
What could it be? |
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Definition
Streptococcus, but depends on Hemolysis.
1) Gamma hemolysis (Enteroccous or S. bovis if grows in 6.5% NaCl)
2) Beta hemolysis/clear (Group A-Bacitracin sensitive- S. pyogenes or Group B-Bacitracin resistant- S. agalactiae)
3) Alpha hemolysis/green (Capsulated/Optochin sensitive-S. pnuemo or No capsule/Optochin resistant- S. mutans) |
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Term
A gram stain comes back and it reveals gram (+) cocci that are catalse+
What are the possibilities? |
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Definition
Staphylococcus
1) S. aureus (coagulase-positive)
2) S. epidermidis (coagulase-negative and Novobiocin sensitive)
3) S. saprophyticus (coagulase-negative, and Novobiocin resistant) |
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Term
A gram stain comes back and it is gram (+) rods (bacilli)
What are your options? |
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Definition
1) Clostridium (Anaerobe, spore-forming)
2) Bacillus (Aerobe, spore-forming
3) Listeria (No spores)
4) Corynbacteria (No spores, but diptheria toxin) |
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Term
What pathogens are each of the following compounds used to distinguish between?
1) Bacitracin
2) Novobiocin
3) Optochin
4) NaCl |
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Definition
1) Beta Hemolysis Streptococcal species.
Group A S. pyogenes (sensitive) and Group B S. agalactiae)
2) Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal species
Epidermidis (sensitive) and Saprophyticus (resistent)
3) Alpha hemolysis Streptococcal species
S. pneumonia (sensitive-soluble in bile) and S. mutans (resistant- insoluble in bile) |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of beta-hemolytic bacteria? |
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Definition
1) Staph aureus (catalase +, coagulase +)
2) Strep pyogenes (catalase -, bacitracin sensitive)
3) Strep agalactiae (catalase -, bacitracin resistant)
4) Listeria monocytogenes (tumbling motility with meningitis in newborn) |
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Term
| Why do you see Staph aureus in clusters? |
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Definition
Protein A binds Fc on IgG, inhibitie complement fixation and phagocytosis.
Causes Inflammatory TSS, and MRSA infections |
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Term
| Which pathogen is the most common cause of MOPS? |
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Definition
Strep pneumoniae.
Meningitis (also Listeria), Otitis media (also Haemophilus), Pneumonia (also Haemophilus), Sinusitis (also Haemophilus) |
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Term
| Where do you find Veridans streptococci? |
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Definition
In the mouth because they are not afraid OF-THE-CHIN (optochin resistant)
Alpha-hemolytic, causing dental caries (mutans) and endocarditis (sanguis) |
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Term
| Where do you find Streptococcus agalactiae? |
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Definition
Colonizes vagina in Babies, causing pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis.
CAMP factor enlarges area of hemolysis formed by S. aureus
Screen pregnant mothers to determine need for prophylaxis! |
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Term
| Which streptococci are group D? |
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Definition
Catalase-negative, y-hemolytic
1) Enterococcus (grows in 6.5% NaCl) cause UTI and subacute endocarditis
2) Strep. bovis (does not grow in 6.5% NaCl) can cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients. |
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Term
What are the ABCDEFGs of Corynbacteria diphtheriae
Remember, look for pseudomembranous pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy and give Toxoid vaccine |
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Definition
Gram-positive, non-spore-forming rods that grow on tellurite agar.
A) ADP ribosylation- method of protein synthesis inhibition
B) Beta-prophage- encodes diphtheria toxin
C) Corynebacteria
D) Diphtheria- toxin
EF) Elongation Factor 2- inhibited preventing P-synthesis
G) Granules (blue and red on lab test) |
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Term
| Which is the only bacterium with a polypeptide capsule? |
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Definition
Bacillus anthracis.
Virulence
1) PRP
2) Lethal factor
3) Edema factor |
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Term
| What is the difference between Actinomyces and Nocardia? |
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Definition
They are gram (+) rods that form long branching filaments like fungi
SNAP (Sulfa for Nocardia and Actinomyces gets Penicillin)
1) Actinomyces is anaerobic and does not grow on acid-fast stain. Normal oral fora that can cause oral/facial abscesses (Give PCN)
2) Nocardia is aerobe in the soil that stains weakly on acid-fast and causes pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients (TM/SFX) |
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Term
A gram stain comes back and it reveals gram (-) diplococci.
What are the possibilities? |
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Definition
Your looking at Neisseria. Distinguish with Maltose fermentation
1) N. meningitidis (maltose fermenter)
2) N. gonorrhoeae (no maltose fermentation) |
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Term
A gram stain comes back and it reveals gram (-) coccobacilli.
What are the possibilities? |
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Definition
1) H. influenzae
2) Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough) |
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Term
A gram stain comes back and it reveals gram (-), comma-shaped pathogens that are Oxidase (+).
What are the possibilities? |
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Definition
Could be Vibrio cholerae or Campylobacter jejuni
Distinguish by growth temperature
1) 42 is C. jejuni
2) 37 on alkaline media is Vibrio cholerae |
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Term
A gram stain comes back and it reveals gram (-) rods that ferments lactose on MacConky agar.
What are the possibilities? |
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Definition
1) Klebsiella, Enterobacter and E. coli (fast)
2) Citrobacter and Serratia (slow) |
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Term
A gram stain comes back and it reveals gram (-) rods that cannot ferment lactose on MacConky agar.
What are the possibilities? |
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Definition
1) Shigella (no H2S), Salmonella (produce H2S), Proteus (Oxidase-negative)
2) Psuedomonas (Oxidase-positive) |
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Term
| How do you distinguish between Neisseria species? |
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Definition
Treat both with Ceftriaxone
1) Meningiditis can ferment Maltose, has a polysaccharide capsule and has a vaccine
2) Gonorrhea cannot |
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Term
| What 4 conditions does Haemophilus influenzae generally cause? |
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Definition
HaEMOPhilus grows on chocolate agar, is transmitted through the air and produces IgA protease
1) Epiglottitis
2) Meningitis (Ceftriaxone and Rifampin for close contacts)
3) Otitis Media
4) Pneumonia |
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Term
| How is Legionella grown/transmitted? How is it treated? |
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Definition
Gram-negative rod that must be grown on charcoal yest with iron and cysteine- causes Legionnaire's disease with pneumonia.
Transmitted by aerosol, but not person-to-person
Treat with erythromycin |
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Term
| When do you see most Pseudomonas infections and how do they manifest? |
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Definition
PSEUDOmonas in burn and wound victims comes from the water and produces endotoxin and exotoxin A (like diphtheria)
Pneumonia
Sepsis (black lesions on skin)
External otitis (swimmer's ear)
UTI
Drug use and diabetic Osteomyeltis. |
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Term
| What are the E. coli virulence factors? |
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Definition
1) Fimbriae (cystitis and pyelonephtritis
2) K capsule (pneumonia and neonatal meningitis)
3) LPS (septic shock)
eIec- Invasive causing dysentery without toxins
eTec- Traveler's diarrhea with ST (cGMP) and LT (cAMP)
ePec- Pediatric diarrhea with adherence and without toxins
eHec- Shiga-like toxin and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure) |
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Term
| Distinguish EIEC, ETEC, EPEC and EHEC based upon toxins and clinical manifestations. |
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Definition
1) eIec- Invasive causing dysentery without toxins
2) eTec- Traveler's diarrhea with ST (cGMP) and LT (cAMP)
3) ePec- Pediatric diarrhea with adherence and without toxins
4) eHec- Shiga-like toxin and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (anemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure) |
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Term
| What are the 4 A's of Klebsiella? |
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Definition
Gram-negative rods that are fast-lactose-fermenters
1) Aspiration pneumonia
2) Abscess in lungs and liver
3) Alcoholics
4) di-A-betics |
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Term
| How do you tell between Shigella and Salmonella? |
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Definition
Both gram negative, non-lactose-fermenting rods.
1) Shigella is more virulent, has plasmid-encoded invasive genes, does not produce H2S and is free in colonocyte cytoplasms
2) Salmonella has chromosome-encoded invasive genes, produces H2S and is in endosomes in colonocyte cytoplasms. |
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Term
| What does campylobacter jejuni cause? |
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Definition
| Gram-negative, oxidase (+), comma-shaped pathogen that grows at 42 degrees causes bloody diarrhea in children (antecedent to Guillain-Barre syndrome) |
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Term
| What are the 2 gram-negative spirochetes? |
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Definition
1) Borrelia burgdorferri (Lyme transfered by Ixodes tick, which is also the vector for Babesia)
- use Giemsa dye with light microscopy
2) Treponema pallidium (Syphilis and use Dark-field microscopy) |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of Borrelia burdorferi infection? |
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Definition
BAKE a key LYME pie
Lyme's disease from Ixode tickes presents with
1) Bell's palsy
2) Arthritis
3) Kardiac block
4) Erythema migrans |
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Term
| What are the important Zoonotic bacteria and how are they transmitted? |
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Definition
1) Borrelia burdorferi- Ixodes tick causing Lyme
2) Campylobacter- Puppies and livestock feces causing bloody diarrhea
3) Rickettsia rickettsii- Dermacentor tick bite causing RMSF
4) Francisella tularensis- Tularemia from tcks, rabbits and deer fly
5) Yersinia pestis causing plague from Fleas and rodents |
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