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Bacteria II
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
43
Microbiology
Graduate
09/30/2009
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Term
Bordetella
 Definition
erythromycin and clarithromycin; DPT vaccine: inactivated pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutin, and pertactin; primary then booster
Term
NG
 Definition
 Pen no longer drug of choice: rise in MIC, plasmid-encoded beta-lactamase production, and chromosomally-mediated resistance
 Ceftriaxone or fluoroquinolone
 Education, aggressive detection
 Abstinence, condom use, etc
Term
NM
 Definition
 treat based on fever, headache, and rash
 penicillin (rare resistance)-chloramphenicol or cephalosporins as alternative
 polyvalent vaccine containing serogroups A, C, Y, and W135 is effective: B is only weakly immunogenic and must be acquired naturally
Term
o Escherichia
 Definition
 no antibiotics recommended for intestinal diseasemanage fluids and electrolytes
 cook meat, pasteurize milk and juice
 caution when eating or drinking when traveling
 clean water supply
 susceptibility test recommended to treat UTIs
 Meningitis: gentamicin and cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
Term
o Salmonella
 Definition
 Gastroenteritis: oral rehydration – maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
 Enteric/typhoid: ampicillin, cephalosporins, and quinolones still appear to be effective
 Control/prevention:
• proper refrigeration and cooking; sanitary control of food and eating places
• carrier detection
• vaccines for S. typhi: oral, live, attenuated and capsular polysaccharide
Term
o Shigella
 Definition
 Fluid and electrolyte replacement
 antibiotics to reduce risk of spread
 Prevention/control
• sanitary control: proper sewage control and water chlorination
• handwashing and proper disposal of diapers, etc
Term
Y. pestis
 Definition
• Streptomycin or tetracycline
o minimize exposure to rodents and fleas; never touch sick or dead rodents with bare hands
Term
Y. enterolytica and pseudotuberculosis
 Definition
• treat symptoms and replace fluids
• measures to limit contamination of meat—proper handling and preparation
Term
Vibrio
 Definition
 Gastroenteritis
• fluid and electrolyte replacement
• Azithromycin
 Septicemia and wounds: fluoroquinolone
 Prevention and control
• sewage treatment and water purification
• cook seafood well; proper refrigeration
Term
Aeromonas
 Definition
 ciprofloxin
 gentamicin
Term
o Campylobacter
 Definition
 Treatment
• rehydration and electrolyte therapy
• erythromycin
 Prevention/control
• sanitary control of water and milk supplies
• hygienic handling of raw meats especially poultry
Term
o Helicobacter
 Definition
 combo antibiotic therapy based on susceptibility testes
 grow on blood agar in microaerophilic atmosphere
Term
Pseudomonas
 Definition
o susceptibility tests to determine combination as resistant to many antibiotics
o Prevention/control
 difficult to eliminate because of water supplies
 proper handling of sterile equipment
 hand washing
 proper wound care
Term
Haemophilus
 Definition
o Hib: ampicillin, cephalosporins
o H. ducreyi: erythro, azithro
o Prevention/control (Hib)
 vaccine consists of Hib polyribose phosphate capsular carbohydrate conjugated to protein
Term
o F. tularensis
 Definition
 gentamacin
 avoid reservoirs and vectors: do not handle ill animals, wear protective clothing, remove ticks
Term
o B. melitensis
 Definition
 doxycycline and rifampin
 pasteurization of milk
 control of disease in livestock: vaccination and destruction of infected animals
 protective clothing
 no human vaccine
Term
Leginonella.
 Definition
o macrolides and fluoroquinolones
o difficult to control: determining source, hyperchlorination of water, elevated water temp (>70), copper-silver ionization
Term
B. quintana
 Definition
Erythro
Term
B. bacilliformis
 Definition
Chloramphenicol, doxycycline, rifampin
Term
B. henselae
 Definition
Azithromycin
Term
o C. perfringens
 Definition
 myonecrosis
• debridement
• high dose penicillin
• hyperbaric O2 chamber
• difficult because organisms are ubiquitous
 cellulitis: penicillin
 food poisoning
• refrigeration of food
• reheat to destroy heat-labile enterotoxin
Term
o C. difficile
 Definition
 discontinuation of original antibiotic
 severe cases: metronidazole or vanco
 difficult to prevent
Term
o C. tetani
 Definition
 debridement of wound
 metronidazole
 passive immunization with human anti-toxin antibodies
 DPT vaccing: tetanus toxoid, primary then boosters
Term
o C. botulinum
 Definition
 Treatment
• polyvalent antitoxin therapy: neutralization of freely circulating toxin, no effect on bound toxin
• gastric lavage
• metronidazole and penicillin
• mechanical ventilation
 Prevention
• pressure cooking to kill spores
• heating food at 100 C for 10-20 minutes to destroy toxin
Term
Actinomyces israeli
 Definition
o drainage of abscesses
o surgical debridement
o penicillin
o good oral hygiene
o antibiotic prophylaxis after trauma to mucus membranes
Term
o T. pallidum
 Definition
 penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline
 antibiotic treatment for pregnant mother
 no vaccine
 safe-sex practices
Term
o B. burgdorferi
 Definition
 amoxicillin and doxycycline
 prevention via use of insect repellants, clothing sufficiently covering the body
Term
o B. recurrentis
 Definition
 tetracyclines or penicillins
 no vaccine
 best prevention in protective measures against lice
Term
o L. interrogans
 Definition
 penicillin or doxycyline
 no human vaccine: vaccine for cattle and pets
 prevent exposure to potentially contaminated water sources
 rodent control
Term
M. pneumoniae
 Definition
Erythromycin, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones
– Difficult to control because ubiquitous
– Isolation not practical
– No vaccine
Term
M. hominis
 Definition
resistant to erythromycin
and tetracycline, use clindamycin
Term
M. genitalium
 Definition
erythro or tetra
Term
U. urealyticum
 Definition
erythro, resistant to tetracycline
Term
M. hominis, M. genitalium and U.
urealyticum
 Definition
abstinence, barrier precautions
Term
R. rickettsii
 Definition
doxycycline: prompt treatment; no vaccine; prevention of tick bites; prompt removal of ticks
Term
R. akari
 Definition
Doxycycline to speed recovery, control mouse population
Term
R. prowazekii
 Definition
tetra, louse control, vaccine available for high risk populations
Term
R. typhi
 Definition
tetra, control rodents, no vaccine
Term
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
 Definition
doxy, avoid ticks
Term
Coxiella burnetti
 Definition
Acute Q: doxy; Chronic Q: combo antibiotics; vaccins are available but not approved in US
Term
C. trachomatis
 Definition
doxy, erythro; trachoma: tx with improved sanitation; urogenital: safe sex, tx of patient and partners
Term
Chlamydophila psittaci
 Definition
doxy, erythro; quarantine the birds; control of bird infection
Term
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
 Definition
doxy, erythro; difficult to prevent transmission
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