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Kinky People Come Over For Great Sex
Kingdom, Phyla, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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| Prokaryotic Cell - no nucleus |
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| curved, spiral shaped bacteria |
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| a complex structural polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls |
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| method by which bacteria reproduce (due to energy in sugar) |
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| antimicrobial drugs naturally produced by microorganisms; synthetic versions can be made (ex. penicillin) |
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| development of ability to defend against antibiotics (antibiotic is no longer effective) |
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| Antibiotic resistance genes |
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| often carried on plasmids (circular DNA) |
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| through virus (phage virus) |
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| treatment with antibiotics selects for antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria |
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| Hypersensitivity Reactions |
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–Allergic reactions
–Tissue rejection
–Autoimmune disorders
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| hypersensitivity to substances that ordinarily would not harm the body (no need for immune response) |
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trigger an allergic response
allergens cause mast cells to release histamine |
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Cytotoxic T cells attack cells that are not “self”
-•Patients receiving transplanted organs need to take immunosupressive drugs for life to prevent tissue rejection
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| a molecule released from mast cells during an inflammatory response that causes blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable. |
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are involved in activating and directing other immune cells, and are particularly important in the immune system
- Autoimmunity
- Transplant rejection |
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| Regulatory T Cells (Suppressor T cells) |
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T cells that suppress activation of the immune system; stimulate production of IL-10
–Shuts down immune response following successful handling of invading antigen
–Provides tolerance to “self” antigens
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| Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) |
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pattern recognition receptors
-are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system.
- Once these microbes have breached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tractmucosa, they are recognized by TLRs which activates immune cell responses. |
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(Immunedysregulation,polyendocrinopathy,entX-linked syndrome)
-–Multiple autoimmune disorders |
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| multiple disorders of endocrine glands (type I diabetes, hyperthyroidism) |
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–destruction of intestinal cells; severe diarrhea
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random mutations in viral genes; alters antigens on viral surface
–Loss of immunity (immune system no longer recognizes virus)
–Vaccine mismatch (vaccine does not protect against infection by virus that has “drifted”)
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| different strains of a virus combine; surface antigens are a mixture of those associated with each viral strain |
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