Term
| Functions of the vertebral column |
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Definition
- protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves
- posture and locomotion
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Term
| As you move down the vertebral column, the bodies get .... Why? |
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Definition
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Term
Locate and explain Pedicles and Laminae
[image] |
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Definition
[image]
-Attach to vertebral body with pedicles à lamina attach here
-Lamina fuse to form the spinous process à key identifier for telling where at in vertebral column)
-Lamina is the flat regions (removed in laminectomy à relieve pressure on a nerve and allow to gain back movement and lose numbness)
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Term
| Explain the Posterior view of the pedicles |
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Definition
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Term
| Transverse Process and spinous process |
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Definition
[image]
•Fusion of lamina into spinous process à posteriorly
•Highly noticeable, look different dependent on the region
•This example is LUMBAR à sticks out laterally, looks like a hatchet
•Transverse process: articulation of ribs, muscle attachments, muscle organs, help move and help rotate vertebral column |
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Term
| Superior and Inferior Articular processes |
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Definition
[image]
•Superior articular processes interact with the inferior articular process below it (except for C1 à interact with occipital condyls; not in sacral or coxxyl because fused)
•Orientation of processes to one another determines movement of vertebral movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Facets in Cervical, thoracic, and Lumbar |
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Definition
[image]
•Lumbar facet joint are medial and lateral
•Facets promote or prevent movement with processes |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Easiest to identify: only with little transverse processes, small vertebral body, transverse foramina (pathway for vertebral arteries àform posterior circulation)
•C7 has the longest spinous process in the spinal region, easiest to palpate
-C7= vertebra prominens
Contains the Uncinate processes
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Term
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Definition
•Uncinate processes: superior lateral borders; form basin/small saucer/drink coaster, hug the spinous process (around the SP), can be very cumbersome when one breaks off à allow bone spur formation to occur and have the tendency to break off
•Lends to more stability due to smaller bodies, cup the superior vertebra
•When move head around, break really easy |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Atlas has a large hole, no vertebral body, has superior facet joints, transverse processes, very small à no spinous process basically
•Inferior: go medial to lateral (not same orientation due to orientation of cassetes) |
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Term
| Articular processes of the Atlas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[image]
[image]
•C2 has a Dens process à can utilize with imaging (with whiplash)
•Dens processes the body of C1 that fuses to C2 vertebrae during development
•Attach to many ligaments, allow rotation of the head (axis, think rotation) |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Interact with each of the ribs (articulation with the body)
•Long slender process(lamina fuse), slant inferiorly until T11, T12 where you start getting more posterior slant
•Costal facet on body itself or on transverse processes à where ribs will interact
•Rib interact with superior and inferior vertebrae à interact with @ vertebrae
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Thickest spinous processes you will see
•Oriented directly posterior à stick out like a hachet
•Large lamina with medial and facet joints to allow you to flex and extend vertebrae
•Have a lot more space between adjacent vertebrae when flexed à since spinous processes are directly posterior, when flex, you can have access to vertebral column in that way
•The spinal cord ends at L2/L3 à DO NOT WANT TO STICK NEEDLE DIRECTLY INTO SPINAL CORD
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Lumbar puncture à end of meaty spinal cord
•Want to do these between L3, L4 and L5 à less likely to hit another important
•Anesthesia L4/L5
•Spinal tap L3/L4
•Depends on anatomy of the individual
•Caudaequinaà horse tail branches out of the bottom of the vertebral column
•Nerve growth slower than the bone, spinal cord grows slower than vertebral column à why it doesn’t go all the way to the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
•4 pairs foramina anteriorly, posteriorly are 4 more pairs
•Do not go all the way through, off set à exits of ventral and dorsal rami for caudaequina
•Exit points for nerves in sacral regions
•Nerves come out of these holes to go to pelvic and perineal region |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Vertebral column ends at sacral, sacrum canal takes over
•Caudaequina continues down
•Can palpate this
•Where you can do a caudal epidural à small spinal process
•Can puncture the sarococcygeal ligament
•When palpate can feel cornua (2) and spinous process to make sure in right spot
•Typically don’t do spinal tap here (don’t want to take spinal fluid form here)
•Can do caudal epidural here
•Use illiac crest to find the L4
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Term
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Definition
- Pelivic diaphragm muscles connect to coccyx (including attachment to rectum to not fall out)
- 4 fused vertebra
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Term
| Parts of the Intervertebral Disk |
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Definition
•Anulus fibrosus: harder, thick outer covering that gives structure
•Nucleus pulposus: gooey, watery type of material that is on the inside of the disk à responsible for shrinkage as you age and as you go throughout the day à causes pressure and dehydration/degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (very slight aka cm) |
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Term
| What type of joints are btween the vertebral bodies and IVDs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What joint is between the uncinate process and the body of the adjacent vertebrae? |
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Definition
| unconvertebral joints (of Luschka) |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
- synovial joints
- orientation of facets determines range of motion
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Rotate upper body due to anterior and posterior, slide around each other
-Restriction of lateral flexion à always in the thoracic (due to ribs) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Medially and laterally allow sliding back and forth between each other, allow to flex and extend
•Lateral flexion if the whole joint moves itself, not too much though |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Atlanto-occipital joints between C1and occipital condyles
•Due to articular processes |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Facets are oriented a little lateral to allow some rotation à glide along one another due to facets on C1/C2 |
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Term
| External Occipital Protuberance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Muscle attachment in this region |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Medial border of scapula, superior angle and inferior angle (is located at the T7 angle)
•Top of iliac crest is at L4
•Do a lumbar puncture a little below that |
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Term
| Nerves of the skin and fascia of back |
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Definition
[image]
•Skin and fascia of the back are innervated by dorsal rami
•Intrinsic (support spine) muscle of back are also innervated by dorsal rami |
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Term
| Back skin and fascia blood supply |
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Definition
- Segmental vessels (branches of intercostal and lumbar vessels)
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Transverse all the spinous processes, thickest in the cervical region à allows for more support, helps hold head up
•(Usually one thing merges into another and the name will change as this occurs) |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Where the latissimusdorsi originates at
•Protect and cover intrinsic muscles of the back (very superficial without much fat so need protection) |
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Term
Muscles of the back:
extrinsic v intrinsic |
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Definition
[image]
•Extrinsic muscles: act for respiratory or upper extremities (trapezius, deltoid, etc. à more superficial)
•Intrinsic muscles: a little deeper; support vertebral column itself
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Term
| Extrinsice Muscles of the Back |
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Definition
[image]
•Extrinsic muscles are in the back of the body but are innervated by ventral rami
•Trapezius by accessory nerve
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[image]
- Help elevate and shrug shoulders
- extrinsic
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Term
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Definition
[image]
- Contract and have retraction of scapula ("bow up")
- extrinsic
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Good area to listen in à no muscle coverage between medial border trapezius and lateral border medial inferior border of the scapula (around T7) and inferior border is superior aspect of latdorsi
•Ask to flex a little bit, makes opening larger à gives access to thoracic cavity
•Also an area of weakens |
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Term
Serratus posterior superior
and
Serratus posterior inferior |
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Definition
[image]
•SPS: respiration; deep to trapezius
•SPI: respiration; deep to latdorsi
•Attached to vertebral column and ribs (usually any that are both have to do with respiration)
-Extrinsic muscle |
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Term
| Intrinsic Muscles of the back |
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Definition
•Innervated by dorsal rami
•Longitudinal columns : support vertebral column, allow movement
-Extension of vertebral column
-allow lateral flexion and rotation
-source of most back pain |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Protect long column of muscles |
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Term
| Intrinsic Muscles of the back Listed |
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Definition
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Term
| Intrinsic Superficial Layer |
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Definition
[image]
•Splenius Capitis insert in skull (temporal and occipital bone) and mastoid process; origin Is nuchal ligament and spinous process (C7-T3)
•Splenius cervicis: transverse processes C1-C3, origin spinous processes T3-T6 |
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Term
Splenius capitis
and splenius cervicis
allow what movement? |
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Definition
Extend Neck
Lateral flexion
and
Rotation (ipsilateral) |
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Term
| Intermediate Layer of the Intrinsic Muscles of the Back |
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Definition
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Term
Parts of the Erector spinae |
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Definition
[image]
- Origin: iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar and sacral spinous processes
- All have common origin but will change as go up
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Regions: lumborum, thoracis, cervicis portions
Insertion: ribs, transverse processes |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Regions: thoracis, cervicis, capitis portions
Insertion: transverse processes, mastoid process |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Regions: thoracis, cervicis, capitis portions
Insertion: spinous processes |
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Term
| Movement of the Erector spinae |
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Definition
- Extend vertebral column
- lateral flexion and rotation (ipsilateral)
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Term
| Deep Layer of Intrinsic Muscles |
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Definition
[image]
•Deepest layer: between transverse process and spinous process
•3 different layers à each most prominent in one region of the spinal cord itself |
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Term
| Layers of the transversospinalis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- thoracic region
- [image]
- In canal between the transverse process and spinal processes
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Term
| Movement of the transversospinalis |
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Definition
- extend vertebral column
- stabilize vertebrae
- contract
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Term
| Contraction in the transversospinalis |
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Definition
[image]
•Produce movement in opposite direction
•If left side contract à movement toward right |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
- Superficial to atlas (C1) and axis (C2) deep to semispinalis
- Right beneath the occipital bone
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In white circle
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Term
Movement of the Muscles of the Suboccipital Region |
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Definition
[image]
•IO: rotate head to ipsilateral side by acting on the atlanto-axial joint
•Side it contracts on is the direction your head goes
•Right inferior oblique à go right
•Left inferior oblique à go left |
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Term
| Muscles of the Suboccipital Region |
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Definition
[image]
•Major typically bigger, minor typically smaller
•(if something happens at a joint, should know muscle causing that to happen) |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Bound by IO, SO, and RCPM
•If severed the C1 dorsal ramus à couldn’t extend neck or do much rotation (bilateral severe) and slant to one side if unilateral
•VA branch form subclavian arteries |
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Term
| Arteries from the Back to Brain |
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Definition
[image]
- The vertebral artery comes together to form the basilar artery à which splits to form the circle of Willis
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Term
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Definition
[image]
•Not in triangle, emerges inferior to it
•Gives sensory info to the posterior portion of the head |
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