Term
| External Occipital Protuberance |
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Definition
[image]
[image]
A bump located in the midline on the posterior surface of the occipital bone. Muscle of neck attach to nuchal lines. Contracts to extend neck posteriorly.
*the medial ends of the superior nuchal lines meet at the external occipital protuberance; the ligamentum nuchae attaches here (Latin, occiput = the back of the head) |
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Term
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Definition
Medial Furrow
It is a midline furrow down the back surface. The landmark that indicates the location of the vertebral spines; the erector spinae muscle masses lie on either side of it. Separates left and right back.
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[image] |
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Term
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Definition
The spinous process of C7 vertebra, so named because its spine is easily seen and palpated Vertebra Prominence is an easily palpable landmark which indicates the level of transition from cervical to thoracic vertebra.
After C7, next one is T1,T2 etc
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Space bounded by a triangle located below the inferior angle of the scapula bounded by the trapezius m. medially, rhomboideus major m. superiorly and the latissimus dorsi inferiorly; its floor is the posterior thoracic wall where the absence of musculature allows respiratory sounds to be heard clearly with a stethoscope.
[image][image]
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
An area on the posterior surface of the back bounded by the teres minor m. superiorly, the teres major m. inferiorly, the long head of the triceps brachii m. medially and the humerus laterally.
The axillary nerve[image] and the posterior circumflex humeral artery pass through this space. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]The interval between the teres major m. superiorly, long head of the triceps brachii m. medially and humerus laterally
The radial nerve passes through this interval to get from the axilla to the posterior surface of the humerus. |
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Term
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Definition
The space bounded by the teres minor m. superiorly, the teres major m. inferiorly and the long head of the triceps brachii m. laterally
The circumflex scapular vessels are located in this space as they pass from the axilla to the dorsum of the scapula.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Triangle of Petit Hernia[image]
A triangle defined by the border of the latissimus dorsi m. medially, the external abdominal oblique m. laterally and the iliac crest inferiorly; its floor is the internal abdominal oblique m.
The lumbar triangle may be the site of an abdominal hernia; also known as: triangle of Petit[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| [image]Midline cleft between the buttocks. The natal cleft lies between the gluteus maximus muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
C1-C7.T1-T12. L1-L5. Sacral is 5 fused. Coccyx is 4 fused but unfused in C01 C02...etc
Over one fourth of the spine’s total length is created from cartilage, the sponge-like substance that separates one vertebral disc from the next.
Cartilage can expand and contract. Interestingly, if gravity is removed (in space travel, for example) a person can return to earth taller than when he or she left. Oppositely, gravity’s pull on our bodies over the years shrinks cartilage, making us decrease in height as we age. |
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Term
Functions of the Back
(support) |
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Definition
Support -provides the musculoskeletal axis for support of the trunk.
a. Body weight
b. Transmits forces through the pelvis to the lower limbs.
c. Carries and positions the head
d. Braces and helps maneuver the upper limbs. |
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Term
Functions of the Back
(movement) |
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Definition
2. Movement- Muscle of the back pull on the skeleton and provide movement.
Two groups of muscles:
a. Extrinsic Muscles -move the upper limbs and ribs.
b. Intrinsic muscles- maintain posture and move the vertebral column.
1. Flexion (anterior bending)
2. Extension (posterior bending)
3. Lateral flexion
4. Rotation
[image] |
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Term
Functions of the Back
(Muscle Limitations) |
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Definition
Important notes:
a. Freedom of movement is limited in the thoracic region due to smaller vertebrae, while greater in the lumbar region due to larger vertebrae.
b. Movement between any two vertebrae is limited but the effects between vertebrae are additive. The more vertebrae that move the more movement.
c. Muscle in the anterior region flex the vertebral column , while muscles in the posterior region extend the vertebral column. |
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Term
Functions of the Back
Protection of the nervous system (CNS)
Curvature of the Vertebral Column |
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Definition
a. Cervical –convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly
b. Thoracic -concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly
c. Lumbar -convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly
d. Sacral -concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly
e. Coccygeal -concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly (C# if not fused)
[image]
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Hunchback
Kyphosis (Hunchback) -abnormal anterior thoracic curvature of the spine. Usually[image] in 3rd world countries associated with Tuberculosis( bacteria into lungs. Eats vertebrae) infection of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Causes curve forward. In 1st world (doing activities such as reading forward, dentists, bending forward) (biomechanically) |
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Term
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Definition
Swayback[image]
Abnormal posterior lumbar curvature of the spine. (caused by pregnancy, go in lower abdomen)( eat too much, food weight) |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine with a twist or rotational component. (can cause breathing/nerve problems)
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Torsional Scoliosis[image] |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Type of Kyphosis. TB patients |
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Term
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Definition
Walking test is blais. But for lumbar. Shoulders for thoracic
For Scoliosis
Bend forward and see if shoulders are uneven.[image] |
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Term
Superficial/ Appendicular Group
(Trapezius) |
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Definition
Origin: Superior Nuchal Line, external occupital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TXII
Insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Innervation: Motor-accessory nerve (XI); proprioception-C3/C4
Function: Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, and lower fibers depress scapula. |
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Term
Superficial Group
(Latissimus Dorsi) |
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Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TVII to LV and sacrum, iliac crest, ribs X to XII
Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Innervation: Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6 to C8)
Function: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus. |
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Term
Superficial Group
(Levator Scapulae) |
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Definition
Origin: Transverse Process of CI to CIV
Insertion: Upper portion medial border of scapula
Innervation: C3 to C4 and dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
Function: Elevates Scapula |
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Term
Superficial Group
(Rhomboid major) |
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Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TII to TV
Insertion: Medial border of the scapula between spine and inferior angle
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)
Function: Retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula |
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Term
Superficial Group
(Rhomboid Minor) |
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Definition
Originates: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII and TI
Insertion: Medial border of scapula at spine of scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve c4 to c5
Function: retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula |
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Term
Intermediate (respiratory)
(Serratus posterior superior) |
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Definition
Originate: Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII, and supraspinous ligaments
Inserted: Upper border of ribs II to V just lateral to their angles
Innervation: Anterior rami of upper thoracic nerves T2 to T5
Function: Elevates ribs II to V |
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Term
Intermediate group
(Serratus posterior inferior) |
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Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of TXI to LII and supraspinous ligaments
Insertion: Lower border of ribs IX to XII just lateral to their angles
Innervation: Anterior rami of lower thoracic nerves T9 to T12
Function: Depresses ribs IX to XII and may prevent lower ribs from being elevated when the diaphragm constracts |
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Term
Muscles in the deep group
(Splenius capitis and cervicis) |
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Definition
Together they draw the head backward and extend the neck. The capitis and cervicis draws and rotates the head to one side.
Capitis- Origin: Lower half of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIV. Insertion: Mastoid Process, skull below lateral 1/2 of superior nuchal line. Innervation: Posterior rami middle cervical nerves.
Cervicis: Origin: Spinous Processes of TIII to TVI. Insertion: Transverse process of CI to CIII. Innervation: Posterior rami lower cervical nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
[image][image]
Extrinsic:
1. Superficial group- move the upper limbs. Many nerves.
2. Intermediate group- Move the ribs.
Innervated by the anterior rami of the spinal nerves
Intrinsic:
1. Deep group
- Maintains posture and move the vertebral column, ribs, and head. Innervated by the posterior rami of the spinal nerves [image] [image]
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Psoas Major and Quadratus Lumborum
-innervated by anterior rami |
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Term
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Definition
Cranial nerve (XI)- accessory nerve
superficial branch of the Transverse Cervical Artery[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Deep branch of Transverse Cervical Artery
[image] |
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Term
| Deep Group (Spinotransversesalis) |
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Definition
Extends neck and rotates the head
1. Splenius Capitis
2. Splenius Cervicis |
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Term
Deep Group
(Errector Spinae Muscle Group) |
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Definition
Extends back the head, unilaterally lateral flex vertebral column
1. Iliocostalis lumborum
2. Iliocostalis Thoracis
3. Iliocostalis Cervicis
4. Longissimus Thoracis
5.Longissimus Cervicis
6. Longissimus Capitis
7. Spinalis Thoracis
8. Spinalis Cervicis
9. Spinalis Capitis
[image] |
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Term
Deep Group
(Transversopinales) |
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Definition
Extends back and rotates Spine
[image]
1. Semispinalis thoracis
2. Semispinalis Cervicis
3. Semispinalis Capitis
4. Multifidus
5. Rotatores lumborum
6. Rotatores Thoracis
7. Rotatores Cervicis |
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Term
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Definition
Extends neck and stabilizes C1 and C2 during vertebral column movement
[image]
1. Levatores Costarum (elevates ribs)
2. Interspinales
3. Intertransversarii |
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Term
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Definition
1. Rectus capitis Posterior Major
2. Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
3. Obliqus Capitis inferior
4. Obliqus capitis superior
[image] |
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Term
Deep Group
(Thoracolumbar Fascia) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Vertebral Body
Vertebral Arch
Vertebral Canal |
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Definition
1. Vertebral body- found anterior and maintains weight bearing and are separated by fibrocartilagenous intervertebral disc.
- The size of the body increases from the first cervical vertebrae (C1) to the last lumbar (L5)
2. Vertebral arch- consist of two walls (pedicles) and two fused roofs (lamina) that form a central vertebral canal that extends from C1 to L5.
3. Vertebral canal- houses the spinal cord. |
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Term
Vertebral Process
Articular Process |
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Definition
4. Vertebral process
a. Two Transverse Process (Extends lateral from where the pedicle and lamina fuse.)
b. One Spinous process. (Projects posterior and inferiorly from the roof of the vertebral arch)
5. Articular Processes
a. Superior Articular process- Extends superiorly from where the pedicle and lamina fuse and articulates with the Inferior articular process of the vertebrae above.
b. Inferior Articular process- Extends inferiorly from where the pedicle and lamina fuse and articulates with the Superior articular process of the vertebrae below.
c. Rib Articular process- found on each side of the posterior lateral aspect of the bodies and anterior aspect of the transvers processes of all thoracic vertebrae. Occasionally seen on lower cervical and upper lumbar vertebrae. |
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Term
| Difference Between vertebrae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Whole in transverse process because of arteries.[image] |
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Term
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Definition
C3 to T1
Found on the superior-anterior-lateral edge of the body –pedicle junction of vertebrae.
Prevents a vertebra from sliding backwards off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion (side-bending).
A hook-shaped process on the posterolateral borders of the superior surface of the vertebral bodies of the third to the seventh cervical vertebrae and first thoracic vertebra. |
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Term
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Definition
Facet for occipital condyle holds head up
Axis allows head rotation
Dens are remnant from Atlas 1
Know 2 upper on left and right but study all
Transverse a part of cruciform ligament
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Term
| Adontoid Peg View (Open mouth AP) |
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Definition
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Term
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Intervertebral Foramina |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[image][image]
The spinal column includes approximately 220 individual ligaments.
These ligaments keep the vertebrae interconnected which is paramount to keeping the spine, as well as the nerves it’s protecting within the spinal cord, stable.
Over 100 joints allow for the spine’s extreme flexibility and range of movement.
Over 120 muscles are contained in the spine.
Over one fourth of the spine’s total length is created from cartilage, the sponge-like substance that separates one vertebral disc from the next. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
[image]
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Term
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Definition
| Innervate Superficial Group and Intermediate Group except the serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior). |
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Term
| Epaxial Muscles (Extrinsic) |
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Definition
(Superficial Muscles that lie dorsal to the transverse process of the vertebrae).
Actions: Extend Vertebrae Column |
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Term
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Definition
| Innervate the Hypaxial muscles (Muscles located ventral to the transverse processes and include muscles of the abdominal and thoracic wall) The anterior ramus also innervate the serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior of the superficial group). Action: Flex the vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Reasons for Lumbar Puncture |
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Definition
1. Collect cerebrospinal fluid for laboratory analysis
2. Measure the pressure of your cerebrospinal fluid
3. Inject spinal anesthetics, chemotherapy drugs or other medications
4. Inject dye (myelography) or radioactive substances (cisternography) into cerebrospinal fluid to make diagnostic images of the fluid's flow |
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Term
| Lumbar puncture can help diagnose |
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Definition
1. Serious bacterial, fungal and viral infections, including meningitis, encephalitis and syphilis
2. Bleeding around the brain (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
3. Certain cancers involving the brain or spinal cord
4. Certain inflammatory conditions of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome |
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