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| Species characteristic behavior that becomes more and more invasive during operant training. |
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Appraching a sign (or stimulus) that signals a biologically relevant event.
For example: Dogs are required to sit on a mat and a stimulus that signals food is presented to the animals. When the food signal is presented, the dogs approach the stimulus and make food-soliciting responses to it. |
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A respondent conditioning procedure that generates skeletal responses.
For example: A key light is tuned on for a few seconds before grain is presented to a pigeon. After several pairings of the key light and grain the bird begins to peck the key. This effect was first reported as autoshaping - an automatic way to teach pigeons to key peck.
Brown and Jenkins 1968 |
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When a conditioned stimulus (eg light) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (eg food), the conditioned stimulus is said to substitute for the unconditioned stimulus. That is, food evokes salivation and by conditioning the light elicits similar behavior.
Wasserman 1973 - (Chicks) CS does not substitute US.
Timberlake (1983,1993) - species - specific responses or behavior system |
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| A species-specific set of responses elicited by a particular unconditioned stimulus (US). That is, for each species there is a beahvior system related to procurement of food, another related to obtaining water, and yet another for securing warmth. |
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1. Modification of behavior that is usually condisered to be reflexive or respondent, under conditions in which skeletal responses could not affect the outcome.
2. Responses that are usually elicited as URs can be conditioned using operant contingencies or reinforcement. |
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| The ontogenetic and phylogenetic histories of an organism including it;s current physiological status as well as contextual events or stimuli that are present when conditioning occurs are the context for conditioning. |
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| The evolutionary history and biological status of an organism which are part of the context for specific environment-behavior interactions. |
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| When a distinctive taste is paired with nausea or sickness induced by a drug, x-ray, or even physical activity , the organism shows suppression of intake of the paired flavor. |
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Some relations between stimuli, and between stimuli, and responses, are more likely because of phylogenetic hisotry.
For example: A bird that relies on sight for food selection would expect to associate the appearance of a particular food item with illness. |
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| Conditioned Taste Preference |
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| When a taste or flavor CS is repeatedly associated with an appetitive US such as the sweetness of sugar, in a choice test, animals prefer the solution with the CS taste |
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On interval schedules of reinforcement, or time based delivery of food, organisms often show excessive behavior within the interreinforcement interval - AKA Interim Behavior
For example: Rates may drink up to three times their usual daily water intake over a 1-h session (polydipsia). This behavior immediately follows reinforcement and is a side effect of periodic food delivery.
Doyle & Samson (1988)
Humans consumed higher levels of a drug (nicotine and alcohol) just after payoffs, which suggests that excessive drug taking and addiction may sometimes be schedule induced. |
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| Schedule-induced Behavior |
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| Side effect of the reinforcement schedule. |
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| Collateral behavior generated by properties of a schedule of reinforcement ( rats grooming) |
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| On a schedule of reinforcement, as the time for reinforcement gets close, animals engage in activities related to the presentation of the reinforcer. (A rat will orient to food cup) |
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Or excessive drinking is adjunctive behavior induced by the time-based delivery of food.
For example: A rat that is working for food on an intermittent schedule may drink as much as half its body weight during a single session. This drinking occurs even though the animal is not water deprived. |
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This behavior is observed in the natural environment and is characterized as irrelevant, incongruous, or out of context. That is the behavior of the animal does not make sense given the situation, and the displaced responses do not appear to follow from immediately preceding behavior.
Displacement responses arise when consummatory activities such as eating are interrupted or prevented. |
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| Following a period of food restriction, physical activity suppresses food intake and declining body weight increases activity. This negative feedback loop is called activity anorexia in rats, and a similar cycle occurs in many anorexic patients. |
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| Negative Automaintenance (Omission Procedure) |
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Definition
Birds are autoshaped to peck a key, but in a negative automaintenance procedure food is not presented if the bird pecks the key. This is also called an omission procedure or training, -because food reinforcement is omitted if key pecking occurs-.
For example:
Williams and Williams (1969)
Food wasn't presented after bird pecked the key light. |
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