Term
| 1. What features are found in a plant cell? |
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Definition
| 1. Cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, vacuole, chloroplasts |
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Term
| 2. What is the role of chloroplasts? |
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Definition
| 2. To absorb light energy for photosynthesis |
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Term
| 3. What two things are needed for photosynthesis and where do they come from? |
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Definition
| 3. Water from roots. CO2 though leaf pores. |
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Term
| 4. How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| 4. Broad (large surface area), thin (short distance for gases to travel), chlorophyll (absorb light energy), network of veins (support and transport), stomata (gas exchange). |
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Term
| 5. Exchange of gases in the stomata is by? |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. What is the function of the air spaces in the spongy layer? |
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Definition
| 6. Allow CO2 to diffuse between stomata and cells and increase surface area. |
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Term
| 1. A lack of water will cause the plant to… |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. Describe how water travels through a plant… |
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Definition
| 2. Absorbed from soil through root hairs. Transport through plant by xylem to leaves. Evaporation from leaves (transpiration). |
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Term
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Definition
| 3. Movement of water across partially permeable membrane from area of high conc to area of low conc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 5. What does ‘partially permeable’ mean? |
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Definition
| 5. Some small molecules can pass through but not larger molecules |
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Term
| 6. Describe the specialised features of a root hair cell |
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Definition
| 6. Increased surface area so roots ability to take up water by osmosis increased |
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Term
| 7. How is a leaf adapted to reduce water loss? |
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Definition
| 7. Waxy cuticle, small no. of stomata on upper surface |
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Term
| 8. Describe effects of water uptake and loss on animal cells |
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Definition
| 8. Too much water = lysis swell and burst. Too little water = crenation shrink. |
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Term
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Definition
| 9. Shrinking of plant cell due to water loss. Cell membrane pull away from cell wall. |
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Term
| 10. What is the role of the a) stem, b) leaf, c) flower, d) root? |
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Definition
| 10 a) support and transport, b) photosynthesis, c) reproduction, d) water/mineral uptake, anchorage. |
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Term
| 11. What is the function of the xylem? |
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Definition
| 11. Transpiration. Movement of water and minerals from roots to leaves. |
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Term
| 12. What is the function of the phloem? |
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Definition
| 12. Translocation. Movement of sugars up and down stems to growing tissues and storage tissues. |
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Term
| 13. Describe the structure of the xylem? |
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Definition
| 13. Thick, strong cellulose wall with hollow lumen (made from dead cells). |
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Term
| 14. Describe the structure of the phloem? |
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Definition
| 14. Column of living cells. |
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Term
| 15. What is transpiration? |
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Definition
| 15. Evaporation and diffusion of water from inside leaves. |
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Term
| 16. Transpiration rate is increased by…? |
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Definition
| 16. Increased light intensity, increased temp, increased air movement, decreased humidity. |
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Term
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Definition
| 17. Stomata opens so water escapes, movement of water molecules increases so water escapes, molecules near stomata removed and evaporation and diffusion inside leaf increased, low conc of water outside leaf so osmosis removes water. |
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Term
| 18. What minerals can fertilisers contain? |
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Definition
| 18. Nitrates, phosphates, potassium, magnesium |
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Term
| 19. Why do plants require the above minerals? |
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Definition
| 19. Protein & growth, respiration & growth, respiration & photosynthesis, photosynthesis |
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Term
| 20. A lack of the above minerals would cause…? |
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Definition
| 20. Poor growth & yellow leaves, poor root growth & discoloured leaves, poor flower/fruit growth and discoloured leaves, yellow leaves |
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Term
| 21. Dissolved minerals are absorbed by…? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. How are minerals taken up into root hair cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. Describe the above process… |
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Definition
| 23. Substances move from low conc to high conc. |
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Term
| 24. The above process uses energy from…? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1. What do pesticides do? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. What do herbicides do? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. Give two examples of pesticides: |
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Definition
| 3. Insecticides, fungicides |
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Term
| 4. What methods can farmers use to increase their production? |
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Definition
| 4. Greenhouses, hydroponiocs, fish farms, battery hens |
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Term
| 5. Describe organic farming methods |
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Definition
| 5. No artificial fertilisers, no herbicides, no pesticides |
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Term
| 6. How can pests be biologically controlled? |
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Definition
| 6. Introduce a new predator to remove an old one |
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Term
| 7. Describe intensive farming: |
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Definition
| 7. Trying to produce as much food as possible from the land, plants & animals available |
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Term
| 8. Advantage and disadvantages of intensive farming? |
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Definition
| 8. Efficient, ethical dilemmas, pesticides may enter & accumulate in food chains, pesticides may harm organisms which are not pests |
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Term
| 9. Describe how plants can be grown without soil (hydroponics): |
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Definition
| 9. Plant roots in specially treated water that contains right amount of fertiliser & oxygen |
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Term
| 10. Describe organic farming techniques: |
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Definition
| 10. Animal manure as compost, crop rotation, nitrogen-fixing crops, weeding |
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Term
| 11. Explain how removing one organism from a food chain/web may affect other organisms: |
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Definition
| 11. Some populations may increase as fewer are eaten, some may decrease as predators are short of food and have to eat something else |
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Term
| 12. How can pesticides accumulate in food chains? |
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Definition
| 12. Pesticide in organisms low down the food chain gets passed on to predators further up in the food chain and they get a lethal dose. |
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Term
| 1. What four things are needed in the decay process? |
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Definition
| 1. Microorganisms, temperature, oxygen, moisture |
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Term
| 2. Name two things that microorganisms can be used for |
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Definition
| 2. Breaking down sewage, breaking down plant waste/compost |
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Term
| 3. Name 6 food preservation techniques that reduce the rate of decay |
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Definition
| 3. Canning, cooling, freezing, drying, salt, vinegar |
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Term
| 4. What do detrivores feed on? Give examples… |
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Definition
| 4. Dead and decaying material (detritus) e.g. worms, maggots, woodlice |
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Term
| 5. How to detrivores increase the rate of decay? |
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Definition
| 5. Produce larger surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| 6. Organism that breaks down dead organic matter |
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