Term
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Definition
| o The part of the operant conditioning in which an operant response is followed by a reinforcer, thereby increasing the rate with which the response occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Situation in which the organism can avoid an aversive stimulus by engaging in appropriate activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Approach to treating behavior disorders that is based on any one of several learning theories. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Type of conditioning studied by Ivan Pavlov and used by J.B. Watson as a model for his version of behaviorism. |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| o Response similar to an unconditioned response that is elicited by a previously neutral stimulus (CS) |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| o Stimulus that, before classical conditioning principles are applied, is biologically neutral; that is, it does not elicit a natural reaction from an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Agreement between two people that when one acts in an appropriate way, the other one gives him or her something of value. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Purposive manipulation of reinforcement contingencies so they encourage desirable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| o Schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a desired response each time it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| o Use of contingency management in designing culture |
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Term
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Definition
| o According to Skinner, a set of reinforcement contingencies |
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Term
| differential reinforcement |
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Definition
| o Situation in which some responses are reinforced and others are not |
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Term
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Definition
o Situation in which as organism must respond in a certain way to escape from an aversive stimulus.
o All negative reinforcement involves an escape contingency |
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Term
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Definition
o Weakening of an operant response by removing the reinforcer that had been following the response during acquisition.
o When a response returns to its operant level, it has been extinguished. |
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Term
| fixed interval reinforcement schedule (FI) |
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Definition
| o Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that is made only after a specified interval of time has passed |
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Term
| fixed ratio reinforcement schedule (FR) |
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Definition
| o Reinforcement schedule that reinforces every nth response |
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Term
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Definition
| o Skinner’s approach to research that attempted to relate measurable environmental events to measurable behavior and bypass cognitive and physiological processes altogether |
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Term
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Definition
| o Type of reinforcement that occurs when a response removes a primary or secondary negative reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
| o Behavior that cannot be linked to any known stimulus and therefore appears to be emitted rather that elicited |
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Term
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Definition
o Modification of response strength by manipulation of the consequences of the response.
o Responses that are followed by a reinforcer gain in strength
o Responses not followed by a reinforcer become weaker |
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Term
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Definition
| o Frequency with which an operant response is made before it is systematically reinforced |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect (PRE) |
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Definition
| o Fact that a partially or intermittently reinforced response will take longer to extinguish that a response on a continuous or 100% schedule of reinforcement |
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Term
| partial reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
o Schedule of reinforcement that sometimes reinforcers a desired response and sometimes does not.
o In other words, the response is maintained on a schedule of reinforcement somewhere between 100% and 0% |
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Term
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Definition
| o Type of reinforcement that occurs when a response makes available a primary or secondary positive reinforcer |
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Term
| primary negative reinforcement |
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Definition
| o Negative reinforcer that threatens an organism’s survival—for example, pain or oxygen deprivation |
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Term
| primary positive reinforcement |
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Definition
| o Positive reinforcer that enhances an organism’s survival—for example, food or water |
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Term
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Definition
| o Either removing a positive reinforcer or presenting a negative reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
o The version of behaviorism proposed by J.B. Watson by which only direct observable events, such as stimuli and responses, should constitute the subject matter of psychology.
o Reference to all internal events can be, and should be, avoided.
o Skinner accepted this version of behaviorism |
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Term
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Definition
o Used by Skinner to demonstrate operant conditioning
o If a response is followed by a reinforcer, that rate of frequency with which it is made will increase
o Is a response is not followed by a reinforcer, its rate or frequency will stay the same (if it is at its operant level) or will decrease |
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Term
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Definition
| o Behavior that is elicited by a known stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| o Another term for classical or Pavlovian conditioning |
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Term
| secondary negative reinforcer |
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Definition
| o Negative reinforcer that derives it reinforcing properties through its association with a primary negative reinforcer |
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Term
| secondary positive reinforcer |
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Definition
| o Positive reinforcer that derives its reinforcing properties through its association with a primary positive reinforcer |
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Term
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Definition
o Gradual development of a response that an organism does not normally make
o Requires differential reinforcement and successive approximations |
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Term
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Definition
| o Small experimental chamber that Skinner invented to study operant conditioning |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| o Situation in which only those responses that are increasingly similar to the one ultimately desired are reinforced |
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Term
| time our from reinforcement |
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Definition
| o A form of punishment by which an organisms is denied access to positive reinforcers that are normally available in the situation for a specified interval of time |
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Term
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Definition
o Example of Skinnerian behavior therapy that usually occurs within an institutional setting such as a psychiatric hospital or a school.
o Within a token economy, desirable behavior is reinforced by tokens (or sometimes points or cards) that can subsequently be traded for desirable objects or events such as food, cigarettes, privacy, or a choice of a television program. |
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Term
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Definition
| o Term Skinner used to describe the conditioning of operant or emitted behavior to emphasize the importance of the response (R) to such conditioning |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| o Natural, automatic response elicited by and unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Term
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Definition
| o Term Skinner used to describe classical conditioning to emphasize the importance of the stimulus (S) to such conditioning |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
o Stimulus that elicits an automatic, natural response from an organism
o Also called a primary reinforcer because conditioning ultimately depends on the presence of a US. |
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Term
| variable interval reinforcement schedule (VI) |
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Definition
| o Reinforcement schedule in which a certain average time interval must pass before a response will be reinforced |
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Term
| variable ratio reinforcement schedule (VR) |
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Definition
| o Reinforcement schedule in which a certain average number of responses need to be made before reinforcement is obtained |
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Term
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Definition
| o Novel written by Skinner to show how his learning principles could be applied to cultural engineering |
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