Term
| Describe the number & location of the ovaries in an avian female reproductive tract |
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Definition
| 1 ovary & oviduct, on the left hand side of the body |
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Term
| At what age does the oviduct start to develop? When is it fully functional? |
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Definition
15-16 weeks of age starts to develop
-is fully functional just before onset of egg production, 17-19 weeks of age |
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Term
| What activates the ovary to begin reproductive activities? |
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Definition
| stimulation of the anterior pituitary by light, causing secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Term
| Describe the ovary's response to the secretion of FSH |
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Definition
-hormone synthesis (estrogen, progesterone & testosterone)
-development of the medullary bone
-hepatic synthesis of lipids & proteins for yolk formation
-synthesis of albumen proteins, shell membranes, CaCO3 & cuticle |
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Term
| What components of the egg are synthesized by the oviduct? |
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Definition
albumen proteins
CaCO3
shell membranes
cuticle |
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Term
| What is the role of the egg yolk? How long does it take to mature, and when would production of the next yolk begin? |
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Definition
nutrients for the developing embryo
Yolk development takes 10 days to mature, second yolk will begin 1-2 days after the first yolk starts to mature |
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Term
| Describe the hierarchy of maturation of follicles in a hen's ovary |
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Definition
-4 to 6 yolk-filled follicles 2-4cm
-numerous 6-12mm follicles where yolk deposition has started
-numerous white follicles less than 6mm |
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Term
| Describe the steps involved in the release of a mature ovum |
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Definition
1. Progesterone produced by the ovary
2. Release of luteinizing hormone from the ovary
3. Ovulation of a mature ovum, released into body cavity
4. Infundibulumm catches the ovum |
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Term
| What causes the egg to move through the oviduct? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| a funnel which engulfs the yolk (ovum), holds it for 15-18 minutes for fertilization to take place |
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Term
| Why is it important that the egg be fertilized in the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| fertilization needs to occur before the first layer of albumin is deposited around the yolk,or else the sperm wouldn't be able to penetrate & fertilize the egg |
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Term
| What is the role of the magnum? How long does the egg stay here? |
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Definition
-main secretory site of albumin
-egg remains in magnum for 2-3 hours |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of egg white produced in the magnum? |
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Definition
-chalaze/chalaza
-liquid inner white layer
-dense white layer (contains mucin which helps albumen stick to together) |
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Term
| What are the functions of albumen? |
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Definition
-protect the embryo, prevent microbial growth
-source of water, protein & minerals for the embryo
-small role in calcium secretion |
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|
Term
True or False
Albumen is an excellent source of fat for the developing embryo |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are protease inhibitors & Fe chelators found in a developing egg? What is their importance? |
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Definition
Found in albumen
Protease inhibitors prevent protein breakdown
Fe chelators bind iron so that is not available to microbes, prevents bacterial growth |
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Term
| How long does the egg stay in the isthmus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the inner & outer shell membranes formed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the structure, function & permeability of the shell membranes |
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Definition
-appear as 1 mmb until the egg is laid
-will separate to form an air space which acts as protection
-membranes permit passage of gases & water, prevent passage of albumen & microbes |
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Term
| The uterus is also known as... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How long does the developing egg stay in the shell gland? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is the 4th albumin layer formed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where does the calcification process occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the shell gland's calcification process |
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Definition
1. as egg leaves isthmus, Ca deposition starts on outer mmb
2. CaCO3 (limestone) forms inner shell
3. Hard calcite forms outer shell |
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Term
| Where do the Ca and CaCO3 used in forming egg shells come from? |
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Definition
Calcium: from the diet & medullary bone stores
Carbonate: the blood & uterus itself |
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Term
True or False
the inner shell is twice as thick as the outer shell |
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Definition
False
the outer shell 2x as thick as the inner |
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Term
| What structure separates the vagina from the shell gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the cuticle formed & deposited, and what is its function? |
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Definition
In the vagina
-formed 30min before oviposition, acts as a lubricant to help in egg laying & limit exchange of air/water/bacteria/dust after the egg is laid |
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Term
| What is the role of the vagina? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is sperm stored in the chicken, and for how long? |
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Definition
| in the vagina, 7-14 days in chickens, more than 21 in turkeys |
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Term
| How does the internal air cell of the egg communicate with the external environment? |
|
Definition
through eggshell pores
-diffusion of O2 in, CO2 & H2O out |
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|
Term
| For how long does it take to complete 1 ovulation-oviposition cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the number of consecutive days a hen lays an egg |
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|
Term
| How many eggs does a hen produce on average? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the oviduct? |
|
Definition
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Shell Gland / Uterus
Vagina |
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Term
| Where are spermatozoa formed, and where do they mature? |
|
Definition
Formed: testes
Mature: epididymis |
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Term
| At what age do hens reach sexual maturity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the structure of the ureter in male avian species defer from mammals? |
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Definition
| Ureter goes directly from kidneys to the cloaca, rather than going to the bladder |
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Term
| How is the location of the testes in avian species different from in mammals? |
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Definition
| testes are internal, can tolerate much higher temperatures and still produce viable sperm |
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Term
| Where is semen stored in the male avian reproductive tract, and how is this different from mammals? |
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Definition
| Avian: stored in vas deferens Mammals: stored in epididymis |
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|
Term
True or False
Chickens do not have a soft palate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common region of mouth & pharynx (mammals would have two distinct structures) |
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Term
| What 3 regions/body systems converge at the cloaca? |
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Definition
-reproductive canal
-urinary canal
-digestive canal |
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|
Term
| Why do birds excrete uric acid as opposed to urea? |
|
Definition
-do not need large amount of water
-less toxic to developing embryo in egg |
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Term
| Why is the avian circulatory system different from in mammals? |
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Definition
branching of carotids, with major arteries to the shoulder, wing & pectorals to supply flight muscles
anastomosis of jugulars so that blood flow is not constriced if they move their head when flying |
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Term
True or False
Birds have a larger diaphragm, proportionally, than mammals |
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Definition
|
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Term
True or False
Birds have C-shaped tracheal rings |
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Definition
False
they have complete rings |
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Term
| What is the role of air sacs in the avian respiratory system? |
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Definition
| act as bellows to ventilate the lungs |
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Term
| What are the 2 major properties that distinguish the avian skeleton from the mammalian skeleton? |
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Definition
| Designed for flight & laying eggs |
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Term
True or False
Mammals have fused vertebrae in the trunk, while birds do not |
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Definition
False
Birds have fused vertebrae (provides rigidity for flight) while mammals do not |
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Term
| What structure forms the upper beak? The lower beak? |
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Definition
Upper: premaxillae
Lower: mandible |
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Term
| Compare the number of cervical vertebrae in chickens to the number in farm animals |
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Definition
| 14 in chickens, 7 in farm animals |
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Term
| How does the skull articulate with the vertebrae? What is the significance? |
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Definition
| a ring-like atlas which articulates with the skull via 1 condyle (as opposed to 2), allows for a mobile antlatooccipital joint, more extensive rotation of the head |
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Term
| How many thoracic vertebrae do birds have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fused section of vertebrae
-7th thoracic, 14 lumbar/sacral & 1st caudal
Also fused to the ilium, acts as a shock absorber for legs & backbone when landing |
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Term
| Where do the tail feathers attach? |
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Definition
| to the pygostyle (a caudal vertebra) |
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|
Term
| How is the avian ilium different from mammals? |
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Definition
| very long, starts close to the thoracic vertebrae whereas in farm animals the structures are not close together |
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|
Term
| Compare the flexibility of the neck & vertebral columns in avian species vs mammals |
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Definition
Avian: flexible neck, fused vertebral column
Mammals: rigid neck, flexible vertebral column |
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|
Term
| How is the sternal attachment of ribs in birds different from mammals? |
|
Definition
Birds: 1st & 2nd ribs are free, not attached to the sternum
Mammals: the last ribs are indirectly attached to the sternum via costal cartilage |
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Term
True or False
Avian ribs articulate with the vertebral column & sternum, and these articulations are separated by moveable joints |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The sternum is also known as... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the flight muscles attach? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 bones make up the pectoral girdle? |
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Definition
| clavicle, coracoid & scapula |
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Term
|
Definition
| fusion of the 2 clavicles |
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|
Term
| What is the role of the coracoid? |
|
Definition
| keep the wings away from the sternum |
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|
Term
| What is the role of the furcula? |
|
Definition
| keep the shoulder joints at an optimum distance during wing movement |
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|
Term
| How is the attachment of the foreleg to the body different between mammals & avian species? |
|
Definition
Mammals: scapula does not attach directly, the 'joint' is between bone & muscle
Birds: the scapula articulates with the body at the glenoid cavity, the joint is bone to bone |
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|
Term
| Why do farm animals not have a clavicle? |
|
Definition
| because they do not need the same rotational freedom in the forelimb |
|
|
Term
In birds, the ulna is ______ than the radius
(thicker/thinner) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the structure of the pelvic girdle facilitate egg laying? |
|
Definition
| -ilium, ischium & pubis are partially fused, incomplete ventrally |
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|
Term
True or False
The avian pubis is proportionally much larger than in mammals to support egg laying |
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Definition
False
In avian species it is reduced to a tiny splint-like bone |
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|
Term
| Describe the development of the tibia & fibula |
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Definition
The fibula becomes part of the tibia in-utero
Tibia fuses with proximal tarsus to form the tibiotarsus |
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|
Term
| The femur articulates with the.... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What fused bones make up the tarsometatarsus? |
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Definition
| distal tarsus + 2,3,4 metatarsals |
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Term
| Describe the arrangement of the bird's hindlimb digits, and their importance |
|
Definition
-3 anterior digits, 1 posterior
-facilitates perching |
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|
Term
| Where do we find medullary bone? What is the importance? |
|
Definition
in the femur, sternum, ribs, ulna & tibia
Soft & spongy, stores calcium needed for egg production |
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|
Term
| What is cage layer fatigue? |
|
Definition
| Inadequate dietary calcium, can't support egg production, depletes the structural bone |
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|
Term
| How much calcium is found in the medullary bone? How many grams of calcium are lost per egg? |
|
Definition
5g in medullary bone
2g used per egg |
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|
Term
| What is the largest muscle in the bird? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the pectoralis in chickens & turkeys made of red or white muscle fibers? What about pigeons? |
|
Definition
white fibers
Pigeons have more red fibers to support endurance for flying |
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|
Term
| What muscle provides the power stroke of the wing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle raises the wing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles are found in the thigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are leg muscles typically composed of white or red fibers? |
|
Definition
| red, need more endurance to keep body upright |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Testis
2. Epididymis
3. Vas deferens
4. Papilla
5. Urodaeum of cloaca
6. Ureters |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Tuber coxae
2. Acetabulum
3. Acetabular ramus of ischium
4. Tuber ischii
5. Symphysis pubis
6. Ilium
7. Pubis
8. Ischium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Glenoid
2. Scapula
3. Coracoid
4. Clavicle
5. Sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Humerus
2. Radius
3. Ulna
4. Carpals
5. Carpometacarpus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. Pectoralis
2. Supercoracoideus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. Sartorius
2. Iliotibalis
3. Biceps femoris
4. Semitendinosus
5. Semimembranosus
6. Gastocnemius
7. Peroneus longus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Femur
2. Tibula
3. Tibiotarsus
4. Tersometatarsus |
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