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Avian Diseases
Viruses
103
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
08/24/2011

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Cards

Term
APV
Definition
Avian Polyoma Virus
Term
APV dz in budgerigars is confined to _____.
Definition
Nestlings
Term
What happens to budgie nestling survivors of APV?
Definition
Shed virus in skin, feather dander, & droppings
Term
In what animals is APV most typical?
Definition
Nestling parrots (most commonly macaws, eclectus, conures)
Term
What can happen to APV birds w/o CS?
Definition
Many remain viremic & shed virus in their droppings (+/- feather dander & skin) --> become virus (-) (may still have Ab titer)
Term
APV: when does viremia occur?
Definition
7-10d
Term
APV: When does dz occur?
Definition
10-14d
Term
What can possibly happen with APV dz?
Definition
Severe CS & Death; No CS & Clear virus
Term
Describe M&M with APV.
Definition
Young birds: high nestling mortality; Fledgling morbidity
Term
What role do adults play in APV?
Definition
May be asymptomatic carriers
Term
What are the main CS of APV?
Definition
lethargy, fluffed, delayed crop emptying, sudden death
Term
What are other CS of APV?
Definition
Generalized hemorrhage, moderate to massive hepatic necrosis, immune-complex glomerulopathy
Term
What happens to birds with APV who display CS?
Definition
Most die w/i 24-48h of CS
Term
Budgies nestling mortality rate for APV may reach _____.
Definition
100%
Term
If APV budgie nestlings survive, what may occur?
Definition
May lose primary & secondary feathers ("French molt")
Term
What age lovebirds are affected w/ APV? How common is this?
Definition
Nestlings up to 1yo; Rare
Term
When do cockatoos present w/ APV & what are the CS?
Definition
4-8wo; severe dyspnea & pneumonia; most die
Term
How often are adult birds w/ APV asymptomatic? What happens if they are clinical?
Definition
99%; die & are usu inf. w/ PBFD concurrently
Term
Some birds w/ APV are _____ but develop _____. What usually happens to these birds?
Definition
BAR; Ascites; die or euthanized
Term
What causes edema in APV birds?
Definition
Hypoproteinemia
Term
How is APV detected in birds with ascites?
Definition
Viral IB rare or absent; PCR (+)
Term
PBFD
Definition
Psittacine Beak & Feather Dz
Term
How is APV Dx?
Definition
Necropsy w/ histo INIB (& grossly pale tissues w/ ecchymoses/petechiae); Crop/choanal swab for virus neutralization assay of Abs; PCR (birds & env)
Term
How is APV prevented?
Definition
PCR/VN of introduced birds; frequent env testing (esp nurseries); no intro of new birds to nurseries once season begins; vx if in groups/flocks; Proper husbandry/adequate quarantine measures
Term
What is the etiology of PBFD?
Definition
Circovirus
Term
What are CS of PBFD?
Definition
starts w/ lack of beak & down powder, then progresses to feather loss, abn pin feathers (constricted, clubbed, or stunted), abnormal mature feathers (blood in shaft), & eventual necrosis/fracture of distal beak & exposure of bone
Term
Describe PBFD generally.
Definition
Chronic progressive dz of birds 8-10mo; very contagious & usually terminal
Term
What happens to most birds w/ PBFD?
Definition
Die in 6-12mo; some live yrs
Term
What is a common sequel of PBFD?
Definition
Secondary infection
Term
Describe PBFD in cockatoos.
Definition
Acute infection in nestlings; regurgitation --> constricting annular feather bands --> death
Term
Describe PBFD in African Greys.
Definition
May have rapid fatal form: crop stasis, regurg, weakness --> death (noted liver necrosis) OR classic form
Term
Describe PBFD in lovebirds.
Definition
common; may have no CS
Term
Describe PBFD in Eclectus parrots.
Definition
common; may have no CS
Term
Describe PBFD in budgies.
Definition
affected as fledglings & lose primaries & secondaries
Term
Describe PBFD in lories.
Definition
Common; mortality rate ~30%
Term
PBFD often occurs with _____.
Definition
Polyomavirus (French molt)
Term
How is PBFD Dx?
Definition
Gross appearance, PCR (definitive), Biopsies of affected feather follicles showing basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
Term
PBFD often warrants ______.
Definition
Euthanasia
Term
What is the prevention for PBFD?
Definition
Proper husbandry & quarantines
Term
What is characteristic of PBFD (+) birds, regardless of whether they are showing CS?
Definition
Actively shedding virus
Term
What happens to birds that no longer have PBFD in the blood?
Definition
May continue to shed virus in feather & skin dander until next molt
Term
To prevent PBFD, what should be done prior to introduction of new birds into a collection?
Definition
Proper quarantine & testing of all birds
Term
What is the etiology of Pacheco's dz?
Definition
Herpesvirus (multiple serotypes & genotypes w/i PsHV1)
Term
PD
Definition
Pacheco's dz
Term
Give a general description of PD.
Definition
Highly contagious, acute dz, associated w/ stress & contact w/ oral secretions & MM contact
Term
PD Incubation
Definition
5-14d
Term
PD Incubation --> _____ --> _____
Definition
Virus replication (multiple organs) = viremia; Necrosis of infected cells = CS
Term
What are the main CS of PD?
Definition
non-specific (lethargy, depression, anorexia) or acute death in well-fleshed birds & bright yellow urates w/ scant feces
Term
What is the most common CS of PD?
Definition
Sudden death
Term
Describe PD in cockatiels & cockatoos.
Definition
Relatively Resistant
Term
What birds become PI with PD?
Definition
macaws, amazons, lovebirds, conures, cockatoos, cockatiels
Term
What blood picture may be seen w/ PD?
Definition
Increased ALT; Leukopenia
Term
What is felt in the coelom of PD birds?
Definition
Spleno/hepatomegaly
Term
How can PD be Dx? How is it usu Dx?
Definition
PCR swabs of tissues, no gross or histo lesions may be evident, but often see hepatomegaly or hepatic necrosis, splenomegaly, renomegaly, mottling & ecchymoses or petechiae on pericardium or fat; b/o Hx + CS + lab findings
Term
What is PD Tx?
Definition
Acyclovir can be used in feed during outbreak (preventative)
Term
Risk of increased transmission of PD due to _____ is great.
Definition
Handling
Term
What is the prevention for PD?
Definition
Proper husbandry & control
Term
What is the etiology of Fowl Pox?
Definition
Poxvirus
Term
What is the geographic range of Poxvirus?
Definition
WW
Term
What is required for Pox inf to enter the body?
Definition
injury (most vectors - mosquitoes, direct via env contam)
Term
What are the hosts of Poxvirus?
Definition
Many avian spp (poultry, pet, wild birds)
Term
How many forms of Poxvirus CS exist?
Definition
3
Term
What are the 3 forms of Poxvirus?
Definition
Cutaneous; Diphtheritic ("wet" form); Acute onset
Term
Describe the Cutaneous CS of Pox.
Definition
Discrete papules, pustules, or crusty scabs (d/o stage of inf) devo on unfeathered areas eg face (notably periorbital area & commissures of mouth) & wings, legs & feet
Term
What is the mortality rate of Cutaneous Pox?
Definition
Low; Infection usually self-limiting & lesions spontaneously regress in ~6wk
Term
What are some preventive measures for Cutaneous Pox?
Definition
Control vectors; Treat for secondary inf
Term
What is the most common form of Pox?
Definition
Cutaneous
Term
How does the diphtheritic form of Pox arise?
Definition
May progress from cutaneous form or present independently
Term
Describe the diphtheritic form of Pox.
Definition
Blepharitis, chemosis, & conjunctivitis are followed by fibronecrotic lesions on MM of oropharynx, URT & esoph
Term
What is the mortality rate of the diphtheritic form of Pox?
Definition
Often high
Term
Describe the 3rd form of Pox. What are the CS?
Definition
Acute onset of generalized signs of dz progresses into air sacs & organ systems; Depression, cyanosis, anorexia, rapid death
Term
What is the only method for Pox prevention?
Definition
Vx
Term
How is Pox Dx?
Definition
Gross lesions & CS, eosinophilic ICIB (Bollinger's bodies), virus isolation & typical histo findings of epidermal hyperplasia w/ ballooning degen, intraepithelial vesicles
Term
What is the Tx for Pox?
Definition
No lesion Tx; supportive pt care (parenteral Vit A, ophthalmic ointments, heat, humidity, parenteral antibiotics, supplemental feeding, daily cleansing of affected areas; Vector control (mosquitoes)
Term
What is Pox control primarily useful for?
Definition
Commercial Poultry
Term
How are birds vx against Pox?
Definition
inj wing web or w/ stick/brush
Term
When are chickens vx against Pox?
Definition
4-6wk; booster @ 16-18wk (patagium)
Term
When are turkeys vx against Pox?
Definition
10-14wk; revax q 3-4mo (stick method)
Term
How many types of vx are used for Pox? What are they?
Definition
2 (both contain live virus); Fowl pox vx (primarily for chickens & turkey), & Pigeon Pox vx (primarily for pet birds)
Term
What are some add'l Pox vx available in the US for commercial use?
Definition
Turkey pox vx, Quail pox vx, Canary pox vx
Term
PDD
Definition
Proventricular Dilatation Dz
Term
What is the etiology of PDD?
Definition
Bornavirus
Term
What birds are affected by PDD?
Definition
Mostly psittacines, but also noted in falcons/geese; Most common in African Grey parrots, also in macaws & cockatoos
Term
What was PDD formerly known as?
Definition
Macaw Wasting Dz/Syndrome
Term
What age birds are affected w/ PDD?
Definition
10wk-17yo (avg 3-4y)
Term
PDD has _____ spread of infection w/i a collection.
Definition
Variable
Term
What will the o often note in cases of PDD?
Definition
Crop is not emptying for several hrs; bird falling off perch
Term
What are CS of PDD?
Definition
dilation (often massive) of proventriculus (forming "J" shape & causing ventriculus to be palpable), anorexia, regurg, passing of undigested seeds in feces, diarrhea, neuro signs (head tremors, seizures, CP deficits), wt loss, death
Term
How is PDD Dx?
Definition
CS in living; Rarely on biopsy but usu necropsy path; Gross: dilated thin proven in 70% of cases, distended duod, etc; Micro: lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis of splanchnic nn of crop/esoph, proven, gizzard, intestine, adrenalitis, myocarditis, neuritis, encephalomyelitis, choroiditis; Abn fecal Gr stain often w/ yeast overgrowth
Term
What is the standardized Bornavirus test? (PDD)
Definition
None exists yet
Term
What is Tx for PDD?
Definition
Quarantine, liquid diet, +/- Celecoxib, Tx for secondary inf
Term
What is the prevention for PDD?
Definition
Quarantine & remove affected birds; Hygiene
Term
NCD
Definition
New Castle dz
Term
What form of NCD are we concerned w/?
Definition
Viscerotropic velogenic NCD
Term
What is the etiology of NCD?
Definition
Paramyxovirus type 1
Term
What are paramyxovirus strains b/o?
Definition
embryonic mortality level
Term
What are the strains of Paramyxovirus type 1?
Definition
Lentogenic; Mesogenic (formerly); Velogenic: VVND or "exotic" NCD
Term
Describe the virulence of the paramyxo strains.
Definition
Lentogenic/Mesogenic: variable virulence (60-90+h);
Velogenic: virulent form (<60h)
Term
NCD is a _____, & a significant threat to the poultry industry _____.
Definition
reportable dz; ww
Term
NCD Transmission
Definition
by resp aerosols, fecal contam of food or water, direct contact w/ inf birds, & fomites
Term
What are results of NCD?
Definition
asymptomatic or acute death
Term
What are CS of NCD?
Definition
depression, anorexia, wt loss, sneezing, nasal dischg, dyspnea, conjunctivitis, bright yellow-green diarrhea, ataxia, head bobbing, opisthotonos
Term
What can occur in prolonged cases of NCD?
Definition
uni or bilateral wing & leg paralysis, chorea, torticollis, dilated pupils
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