Term
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Definition
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Term
APV dz in budgerigars is confined to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
What happens to budgie nestling survivors of APV? |
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Definition
Shed virus in skin, feather dander, & droppings |
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Term
In what animals is APV most typical? |
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Definition
Nestling parrots (most commonly macaws, eclectus, conures) |
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Term
What can happen to APV birds w/o CS? |
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Definition
Many remain viremic & shed virus in their droppings (+/- feather dander & skin) --> become virus (-) (may still have Ab titer) |
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Term
APV: when does viremia occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What can possibly happen with APV dz? |
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Definition
Severe CS & Death; No CS & Clear virus |
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Term
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Definition
Young birds: high nestling mortality; Fledgling morbidity |
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Term
What role do adults play in APV? |
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Definition
May be asymptomatic carriers |
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Term
What are the main CS of APV? |
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Definition
lethargy, fluffed, delayed crop emptying, sudden death |
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Term
What are other CS of APV? |
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Definition
Generalized hemorrhage, moderate to massive hepatic necrosis, immune-complex glomerulopathy |
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Term
What happens to birds with APV who display CS? |
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Definition
Most die w/i 24-48h of CS |
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Term
Budgies nestling mortality rate for APV may reach _____. |
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Definition
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Term
If APV budgie nestlings survive, what may occur? |
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Definition
May lose primary & secondary feathers ("French molt") |
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Term
What age lovebirds are affected w/ APV? How common is this? |
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Definition
Nestlings up to 1yo; Rare |
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Term
When do cockatoos present w/ APV & what are the CS? |
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Definition
4-8wo; severe dyspnea & pneumonia; most die |
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Term
How often are adult birds w/ APV asymptomatic? What happens if they are clinical? |
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Definition
99%; die & are usu inf. w/ PBFD concurrently |
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Term
Some birds w/ APV are _____ but develop _____. What usually happens to these birds? |
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Definition
BAR; Ascites; die or euthanized |
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Term
What causes edema in APV birds? |
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Definition
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Term
How is APV detected in birds with ascites? |
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Definition
Viral IB rare or absent; PCR (+) |
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Term
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Definition
Psittacine Beak & Feather Dz |
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Term
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Definition
Necropsy w/ histo INIB (& grossly pale tissues w/ ecchymoses/petechiae); Crop/choanal swab for virus neutralization assay of Abs; PCR (birds & env) |
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Term
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Definition
PCR/VN of introduced birds; frequent env testing (esp nurseries); no intro of new birds to nurseries once season begins; vx if in groups/flocks; Proper husbandry/adequate quarantine measures |
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Term
What is the etiology of PBFD? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
starts w/ lack of beak & down powder, then progresses to feather loss, abn pin feathers (constricted, clubbed, or stunted), abnormal mature feathers (blood in shaft), & eventual necrosis/fracture of distal beak & exposure of bone |
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Term
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Definition
Chronic progressive dz of birds 8-10mo; very contagious & usually terminal |
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Term
What happens to most birds w/ PBFD? |
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Definition
Die in 6-12mo; some live yrs |
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Term
What is a common sequel of PBFD? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe PBFD in cockatoos. |
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Definition
Acute infection in nestlings; regurgitation --> constricting annular feather bands --> death |
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Term
Describe PBFD in African Greys. |
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Definition
May have rapid fatal form: crop stasis, regurg, weakness --> death (noted liver necrosis) OR classic form |
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Term
Describe PBFD in lovebirds. |
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Definition
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Term
Describe PBFD in Eclectus parrots. |
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Definition
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Term
Describe PBFD in budgies. |
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Definition
affected as fledglings & lose primaries & secondaries |
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Term
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Definition
Common; mortality rate ~30% |
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Term
PBFD often occurs with _____. |
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Definition
Polyomavirus (French molt) |
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Term
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Definition
Gross appearance, PCR (definitive), Biopsies of affected feather follicles showing basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions |
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Term
PBFD often warrants ______. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the prevention for PBFD? |
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Definition
Proper husbandry & quarantines |
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Term
What is characteristic of PBFD (+) birds, regardless of whether they are showing CS? |
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Definition
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Term
What happens to birds that no longer have PBFD in the blood? |
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Definition
May continue to shed virus in feather & skin dander until next molt |
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Term
To prevent PBFD, what should be done prior to introduction of new birds into a collection? |
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Definition
Proper quarantine & testing of all birds |
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Term
What is the etiology of Pacheco's dz? |
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Definition
Herpesvirus (multiple serotypes & genotypes w/i PsHV1) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Give a general description of PD. |
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Definition
Highly contagious, acute dz, associated w/ stress & contact w/ oral secretions & MM contact |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
PD Incubation --> _____ --> _____ |
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Definition
Virus replication (multiple organs) = viremia; Necrosis of infected cells = CS |
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Term
What are the main CS of PD? |
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Definition
non-specific (lethargy, depression, anorexia) or acute death in well-fleshed birds & bright yellow urates w/ scant feces |
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Term
What is the most common CS of PD? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe PD in cockatiels & cockatoos. |
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Definition
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Term
What birds become PI with PD? |
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Definition
macaws, amazons, lovebirds, conures, cockatoos, cockatiels |
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Term
What blood picture may be seen w/ PD? |
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Definition
Increased ALT; Leukopenia |
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Term
What is felt in the coelom of PD birds? |
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Definition
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Term
How can PD be Dx? How is it usu Dx? |
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Definition
PCR swabs of tissues, no gross or histo lesions may be evident, but often see hepatomegaly or hepatic necrosis, splenomegaly, renomegaly, mottling & ecchymoses or petechiae on pericardium or fat; b/o Hx + CS + lab findings |
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Term
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Definition
Acyclovir can be used in feed during outbreak (preventative) |
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Term
Risk of increased transmission of PD due to _____ is great. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the prevention for PD? |
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Definition
Proper husbandry & control |
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Term
What is the etiology of Fowl Pox? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the geographic range of Poxvirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is required for Pox inf to enter the body? |
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Definition
injury (most vectors - mosquitoes, direct via env contam) |
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Term
What are the hosts of Poxvirus? |
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Definition
Many avian spp (poultry, pet, wild birds) |
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Term
How many forms of Poxvirus CS exist? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 3 forms of Poxvirus? |
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Definition
Cutaneous; Diphtheritic ("wet" form); Acute onset |
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Term
Describe the Cutaneous CS of Pox. |
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Definition
Discrete papules, pustules, or crusty scabs (d/o stage of inf) devo on unfeathered areas eg face (notably periorbital area & commissures of mouth) & wings, legs & feet |
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Term
What is the mortality rate of Cutaneous Pox? |
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Definition
Low; Infection usually self-limiting & lesions spontaneously regress in ~6wk |
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Term
What are some preventive measures for Cutaneous Pox? |
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Definition
Control vectors; Treat for secondary inf |
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Term
What is the most common form of Pox? |
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Definition
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Term
How does the diphtheritic form of Pox arise? |
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Definition
May progress from cutaneous form or present independently |
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Term
Describe the diphtheritic form of Pox. |
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Definition
Blepharitis, chemosis, & conjunctivitis are followed by fibronecrotic lesions on MM of oropharynx, URT & esoph |
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Term
What is the mortality rate of the diphtheritic form of Pox? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the 3rd form of Pox. What are the CS? |
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Definition
Acute onset of generalized signs of dz progresses into air sacs & organ systems; Depression, cyanosis, anorexia, rapid death |
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Term
What is the only method for Pox prevention? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gross lesions & CS, eosinophilic ICIB (Bollinger's bodies), virus isolation & typical histo findings of epidermal hyperplasia w/ ballooning degen, intraepithelial vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
No lesion Tx; supportive pt care (parenteral Vit A, ophthalmic ointments, heat, humidity, parenteral antibiotics, supplemental feeding, daily cleansing of affected areas; Vector control (mosquitoes) |
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Term
What is Pox control primarily useful for? |
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Definition
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Term
How are birds vx against Pox? |
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Definition
inj wing web or w/ stick/brush |
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Term
When are chickens vx against Pox? |
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Definition
4-6wk; booster @ 16-18wk (patagium) |
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Term
When are turkeys vx against Pox? |
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Definition
10-14wk; revax q 3-4mo (stick method) |
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Term
How many types of vx are used for Pox? What are they? |
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Definition
2 (both contain live virus); Fowl pox vx (primarily for chickens & turkey), & Pigeon Pox vx (primarily for pet birds) |
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Term
What are some add'l Pox vx available in the US for commercial use? |
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Definition
Turkey pox vx, Quail pox vx, Canary pox vx |
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Term
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Definition
Proventricular Dilatation Dz |
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Term
What is the etiology of PDD? |
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Definition
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Term
What birds are affected by PDD? |
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Definition
Mostly psittacines, but also noted in falcons/geese; Most common in African Grey parrots, also in macaws & cockatoos |
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Term
What was PDD formerly known as? |
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Definition
Macaw Wasting Dz/Syndrome |
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Term
What age birds are affected w/ PDD? |
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Definition
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Term
PDD has _____ spread of infection w/i a collection. |
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Definition
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Term
What will the o often note in cases of PDD? |
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Definition
Crop is not emptying for several hrs; bird falling off perch |
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Term
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Definition
dilation (often massive) of proventriculus (forming "J" shape & causing ventriculus to be palpable), anorexia, regurg, passing of undigested seeds in feces, diarrhea, neuro signs (head tremors, seizures, CP deficits), wt loss, death |
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Term
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Definition
CS in living; Rarely on biopsy but usu necropsy path; Gross: dilated thin proven in 70% of cases, distended duod, etc; Micro: lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis of splanchnic nn of crop/esoph, proven, gizzard, intestine, adrenalitis, myocarditis, neuritis, encephalomyelitis, choroiditis; Abn fecal Gr stain often w/ yeast overgrowth |
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Term
What is the standardized Bornavirus test? (PDD) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Quarantine, liquid diet, +/- Celecoxib, Tx for secondary inf |
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Term
What is the prevention for PDD? |
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Definition
Quarantine & remove affected birds; Hygiene |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What form of NCD are we concerned w/? |
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Definition
Viscerotropic velogenic NCD |
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Term
What is the etiology of NCD? |
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Definition
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Term
What are paramyxovirus strains b/o? |
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Definition
embryonic mortality level |
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Term
What are the strains of Paramyxovirus type 1? |
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Definition
Lentogenic; Mesogenic (formerly); Velogenic: VVND or "exotic" NCD |
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Term
Describe the virulence of the paramyxo strains. |
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Definition
Lentogenic/Mesogenic: variable virulence (60-90+h); Velogenic: virulent form (<60h) |
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Term
NCD is a _____, & a significant threat to the poultry industry _____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
by resp aerosols, fecal contam of food or water, direct contact w/ inf birds, & fomites |
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Term
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Definition
asymptomatic or acute death |
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Term
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Definition
depression, anorexia, wt loss, sneezing, nasal dischg, dyspnea, conjunctivitis, bright yellow-green diarrhea, ataxia, head bobbing, opisthotonos |
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Term
What can occur in prolonged cases of NCD? |
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Definition
uni or bilateral wing & leg paralysis, chorea, torticollis, dilated pupils |
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