The earliest governments, law codes, cities, and alphabets were originated in:

·         The middle-east which southwestern Asia and Northeast Africa, called the “cradle of civilization”

·         The steam engine in 1769 led to more efficient production of goods, and institutionalized the factory system

·         As the first modern form of national transportation, railroads set the model for  succeeding modes of transportation

·         Railroads defined the relationship between carriers and the government especially in the concept of public interest.

·         The experience defined the relationship between carriers and the public , the shippers and passengers

·         Experience saw the beginning of cohesive labor movements that was inherited by the airlines and that has been  central to the airlines experience in the twentieth century.

Prior to the construction of the transcontinental railroad, the national government: 

·         The government treated the railroad as any other business, and refrained from intervening in the R.R. affairs; until the proposed transcontinental R.R. then the gov. participation was needed.

The law that provided financial guarantees that assured the construction of the transcontinental railroad was called:

·         The Pacific R.R. Act of 1862, 1^st gov. action in transportation, created 2 private corp. the Union Pacific (building from the east) & Central Pacific (building from the west)

·         The interstate Commerce Act of 1887, prohibited from paying rebates(kickbacks), from giving unreasonable preferences to shippers, from discriminating against any shipper, R.R. were required to publish tariffs (which disclosed rates & schedules), required them to charge according to the tariffs. Brought uniformity between R.R. and public.

·         Also it created the Interstate Commerce Commission, agency’s role to administer the terms and provisions of the Act, hear to complaints, make rules and enter orders in furtherance of the statutory(Act) 

·         1894,result of(Panic of 1893 economic downturn) Pullman company reduced the workforce from 5,500 to 3,300 and the remaining workers got a 25% pay reduction,  Workers lived in housing owned by the Pullman company and the workers petitioned for lower lease rates when wages were cut, when the company refused the Pullman strike began

·         Strike affected 27 states, over 125,000 workers refused to handle Pullman sleeping cars, caused a halt of 13 R.R. service to Chicago to cease ,in July Pullman cars were used to carry U.S. mail, when the strike caused a disruption of interstate mail president Cleveland ordered federal troops to end the strike. Mobs destroyed 7 buildings and 700 R.R. cars, 12 people were killed by gun fire. Debs was arrested and so were other members of the (ARU) after Debs went to jail trains began to move and the strike came to an end.

·         Samuel P. Langley, First flight unsuccessful, due to wing structure failure, aerodrome no. 5 flew on May 6,1896 over 1 ½ miles, U.S. funded 50,000$ for his project, he failed again due to catapult failure Dec 9, 1903

The “Aerial Experiment Association” was formed by: 

·         Glenn Curtiss, J.A.D . McCurdy, Alexander Graham Bell, Fredrick W. Baldwin, Lt. Thomas E. Selfridge. Members worked together to design fund and build an airplane, jointly owning success of the invention.

Airmail service in the United States began by using airplanes and pilots furnished by the 

·         San Francisco and New York 

During the early years of airmail service: 

·         Act was titled “An Act to Encourage Commercial Aviation and to Authorize the Postmaster General to Contract for Mail.” The statute called for the Postmaster General to seek competitive bids to operate the airmail feeder routes to the transcontinental main airmail trunk line between New York and San Francisco. Advertisement for bids was published in the middle of 1925, and bids were received from 10 companies. Although eight routes were to be awarded, financial responsibility concerns caused the Post Office to delay as assigning some of them until later. 

o   Awarded to a group including Juan Tripp

o   Robertson Aircraft Corp. A forerunner to American Airlines.

o   National Air Transport, a forerunner of United Airlines

o   Western Air Express , a forerunner of TWA.

o   Varney Air Lines, a forerunner to United Airlines

o   Ford Air Transport

Created in 1940, the function of the Civil Aeronautics Board was to: 

·         Exercise control of air carrier economic regulation, such as rates, routes, and mergers. Also given the responsibility to investigate aircraft accidents and for safety rule making.

What event in the mid-1920s brought unprecedented public attention and served to secure the industry’s future as a

 major mode of transportation? 

·         Created to investigate circumstances relevant to the fledgling aviation community and to establish a national aviation policy. Morrow created a report that became the blueprint for the development of commercial aviation for the years to come.  The report concluded.

o   Aviation is vital to the national defense. The means of aircraft design and production must be supported in the national interest, and a military procurement program should be initiated.

o   Non-military aviation, comprising the largest potential for commercial development, serves a national purpose, and deserves the support of the government.

o   The government should enhance the safety and reliability of flying by establishing standards for pilots and aircraft. It should establish and maintain airways for navigation and enlarge its support for airmail contract carriers under contract with the Post Office. All this would have the collateral effect of bolstering both public and banking confidence.

·         The Morrow board was central to the second major federal statute affecting commercial aviation, the Air Commerce Act of 1926.

·         The 1940 Civil Aeronautics Act

What was the Congressional intent in creating the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA)?

·         After the Civil Aeronautics Authority, Administrator of Aviation, and the Air Safety Board was created there became too much overlap of authority. As a result congress created the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA).

o   CAB was an independent board of five individuals, who reported directly to the President, and whose function was primarily to exercise control over air carrier economic regulation, such as rates, routes, and mergers. Also given the responsibility to investigate aircraft accidents and for safety rule making.

o   CAA was created as an agency, headed by an administrator, which was placed back within the Department of Commerce. Responsibility for all non-military aviation safety programs, air traffic control, and airway development was assumed by the CAA. 

Purpose of the Railway Labor Act: 

·         Congress addressed the concerns of workers who had little or no control over their wages or working conditions.

·         Gave workers the right to organize unions, and restricted unions from disrupting the nation’s transportation. 

Pan American Airways 

The accidents in the de Havilland Comet in the early 1950s were attributable to: 

o   Attributed to a lifetime of pressurization and depressurization cycles. Cracks would develop around the windows cause the aircraft to explode. After problem was discovered the Comet never flew again. 

The Railway Labor Act is a federal law that governs relations in the: 

·         Provided a legislative scheme to insure workers the right to organize themselves into legally recognized bargaining units, or unions. This required railroad management to accord the workers a voice in their conditions of safety, wages and working conditions. The law restricted the union’s right to disrupt the nation’s transportation system through work stoppages and strikes except under the most controlled conditions, and only after federally mandated mediation between workers and management proved fruitless. 

The Pacific Railroad Acts was an act of Congress that: 

·         Became the first of government’s involvements in the world of modern transportation. Law provided for the creation of two private corporations, the Union Pacific (building from the East) and the Central Pacific (building from the West).

o   Built a railroad and telegraph line between the Missouri River and Sacramento.

o   Government issued bonds at the rate of 6%, to the railroads for sale to the public.

o   Granted the railroad (200 feet on each side) for the roadbed and it would also deed land adjacent to the right of way in square miles accounting to 6,400 acres per mile. This was land expected to entice settlers from the East who would create and work farms and ranchers.

Government regulation is grounded in which two concepts: 

·         Economic Necessity

o   Certain Businesses necessary in the public interest.

o   Businesses serve the public with no discrimination.

o   Company needs to be stable and make a profit but not too large.

o   Regulation of transportation began in 1887

·         Legal Authority

o   Commerce clause of the constitution authorizes regulation of companies conducting business among states.

·         It interrupted U.S transportation and it showed the power of organized labor “Unions.” It also affected U.S mail. 

·         An injunction is an order by a court commanding or prohibiting action. An injunction usually is a court order demanding that one party stop doing something that is damaging to another party. For a complainant to receive an injunction, the complainant must show that no other remedy for the wrong is adequate or complete.

axis powers-Germany,italy Japan

allies-(1 September 1939) consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, soon to be joined by the British dominions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa).^[2] After 1941, the leaders of the British Commonwealth, the Soviet Union, and theUnited States of America known as the "Big Three", held leadership of the allied powers.^[3] China,at that time, was also a major Ally.^[4][5] Other Allies includedBelgium, Brazil, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, Greece, India (as part of the British Empire), Mexico, the Netherlands and Norway.^[6]

rep-435 max

senate-100

9 justices

Highest court must appeal to have case heard, supreme court deals with interpreting laws more so dealing with the constitution and peoples rights

The FAA is part of which branch of government 

executive branch

Sub category of the DOT (under the presidential cabinet)

articles of rule making notices

Also referred to as a congressman or congresswoman, each representative is elected to a two-year term serving the people of a specific congressional district. The number of voting representatives in the House is fixed by law at no more than 435, proportionally representing the population of the 50 states

T or F

TWA was granted authority to fly between New York and Paris during the mid-1940s. 

T or F

The Army Signal Air Corps provided airplanes and pilots for the launch of airmail service in 1915. - 

No

Between 1921 and 1926, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover took an active role in shaping the relationship between the federal government and the fledgling commercial aviation industry. In this article, Professor Lee shows how Hoover, drawing largely on a form of American corporatism, prompted the industry to formulate answers to its own problems through trade associations, groups which would then cooperate with government to implement those solutions. Such thinking was an important ingredient in the Air Commerce Act of 1926, the first federal law regulating commercial aviation.

Founded in Philadelphia in 1869, the Knights of Labor spread to Chicago after the 1877 railroad strikes. Initially viewed as an educational and political body by the local trade unionists who founded it, the Knights initiated some of the earliest labor organizing in the city's packinghouses, tanneries, garment sweatshops, and coal, lumber, and rail yards, and more generally among the Irish.