Term
| What is the main function of autonomic system? |
|
Definition
| -maintains homeostasis of key visceral functions |
|
|
Term
| What does ANS provide innervation to? |
|
Definition
-heart
-blood vessels
-visceral organs
-glands
-all organs composed of smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What might happen if NTs linger too long in synapes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of antagonists? |
|
Definition
| -bind to receptors and block effects of agonists |
|
|
Term
| What is the best area of flow of the ANS to target and why? |
|
Definition
| -target the postganglionic area because there is a distinction between receptors and functions (cholinergic and adrenergic) |
|
|
Term
| What is main feature of indirect acting parasympathomimetic drugs? |
|
Definition
| -block activity of AChase |
|
|
Term
| Why is acetylcholine not used as muscarinic receptor agonist? |
|
Definition
| -highly susceptible to hydrolysis |
|
|
Term
| Bethanechol, Carbachol and Pilocarpine are what type of drugs? |
|
Definition
-direct acting muscarinic receptor agonists
-carbamate esters and tertiary amine
-resistant to cholinesterase |
|
|
Term
| What is an adverse effect of pilocarpine? |
|
Definition
-can cause CNS disturbances, profuse sweating and salivation
-since is lipid soluble can cross BBB |
|
|
Term
| What are reversible long lasting cholinesterase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
-neostigmine and physostigmine
-is carbamate ester |
|
|
Term
What is a reversible short lasting cholinesterase inhibitor(s)?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an adverse effect of physostigmine? |
|
Definition
| -enters the CNS and can lead to convulsions |
|
|
Term
| What causes irreversible inhibition of Acetylcholinase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the drug most likely to cause intense prolonged miosis? |
|
Definition
-isofluorophate
-used in glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| Which line of drugs is used to mimic the parasympathetic system? |
|
Definition
parasympathomimetic
-direct and indirect acting |
|
|
Term
| What is a popular miotic used to treat glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical uses of parasympathomimetics? |
|
Definition
-glaucoma, miosis
-myasthenia gravis
-increase GI and GU motility
-reversal of NM blockade
-atropine poisoning |
|
|
Term
| What drug would you use to increase GI and GU motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which class of drug would you use if encounter atropine poisoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two ways to dilate the pupil? |
|
Definition
| -stimulate alpha receptors or use muscarinic blockers |
|
|
Term
What type of receptors are found on the ciliary epithelium and what are their roles? |
|
Definition
-adrenergic (sympathetic)
-alpha receptors: decrease secretion
-beta receptors:increase secretion |
|
|
Term
| What type of activator would cause contraction of the ciliary muscle and how does this help in glaucoma? |
|
Definition
-muscarinic activator
-ciliary muscle contraction causes greater opening of trabecular meshwork |
|
|
Term
| What is a good drug strategy to control aqueous production and increase aqeuous outflow? |
|
Definition
-beta blocker and muscarinic activator
-use cholinomimetics: direct and indirect such as pilocarpine, physostigmine, or isofluorate |
|
|
Term
| What is a direct cholinomimetic that you would use to Tx emergency glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug would you use to block aqueous humour production/secretion from from ciliary epithelium? |
|
Definition
-timolol
-beta adrenoceptor blocker |
|
|
Term
| What is the major use of reversible inhibitors of cholinesterases? |
|
Definition
-GU and GI increase in motility
-myasthenia gravis
-cardiovascular
-reversal of neuromuscular blockade |
|
|
Term
| which drug would you choose to Dx myasthenia gravis (increase strength of contraction)? |
|
Definition
-neostigmine
-increases skeletal muscle activity
-Ach esterase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| What drug would you use to treat urinary retention? |
|
Definition
-bethanechol
-muscarinic agonists relaxes sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What are two muscarinic blocking drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are main effects of sympathomimetics? |
|
Definition
-mimic actions of EP and NE
-major side effects
-large effect on heart and peripheral circulation |
|
|
Term
| What are the cardiovascular effects of adrenergic agonist? |
|
Definition
-alter rate and force of contraction of heart
-alter tone of blood vessels
-influences blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Which adrenergic receptors are in the airways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which adrenergic receptors found in vascular smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
-alpha 1
-controls tone in cardiovascular system |
|
|
Term
| Which adrenergic receptors are found in the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a selective alpha one agonist that will affect vaconstriction and pupillary dilation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which selective beta agonist will increase heart and dilate renal vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which selective drug is used in asthma to stimulate bronchodilation? |
|
Definition
-albutol
-selective B2 agonist |
|
|
Term
| Which indirect acting beta drug facilitates the release and blocks reuptake of NE and dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which indirect acting beta agonist stimulates release of NE? |
|
Definition
-pseudephedrine
-nasal decongestant |
|
|
Term
| How would you Tx and Px with shock and hypotension? |
|
Definition
-phenylephrine
-alpha 1 agonist |
|
|
Term
| How would you Tx someone with cardiac output problems? |
|
Definition
| -epinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine |
|
|
Term
| What is good drug to dilate pupil and break synechiae? |
|
Definition
-phenyephrine
-alpha one agonist |
|
|
Term
| What is a non selective alpha receptor blocking drug? |
|
Definition
-phentolamine
-blocks alpha 1 and 2
-used to Dx pheochromocytoma |
|
|
Term
| What is an alpha 1 selective alpha receptor blocking drug? |
|
Definition
-prazosin
-used in chronic hypertension |
|
|
Term
| What are the general characteristics of Beta receptor blocking drugs? |
|
Definition
-drugs with high affinity for Beta1 are important
-high oral absorption
-low bioavialability because of high 1st pass mechanism |
|
|
Term
| What non selective beta blocker would you use to treat a variety of CV disease such as hypertension, angina, arrythmias? |
|
Definition
-propanolol
-B1 and 2 blocker
-side effects |
|
|
Term
| Which non selective beta blocker is used in Tx of glaucoma to lower IOP and limit secretion of AH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which selective beta 1 adrenergic blocker is used to treat Px's with HT and is also safe to use on Px's with asthma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by inotropic and chronotropic effects? |
|
Definition
-chronotropic is when it slows the HR down
-ionotropic is when is strength of contraction is lowered |
|
|
Term
| Which class of drugs are used to treat hypertension, ischemic heart disease and cardiac arrythmias? |
|
Definition
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