Term
| Primary components of outer ear |
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Definition
| Pinna, and external ear canal |
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Term
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Definition
depression area of pinna
collects and directs sound to external auditory meatus (opening to ear canal) |
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Term
| What structures of the outer ear are responsible for resonance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What divides the outer and middle ear |
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Definition
| tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
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Term
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Definition
-connects nasopharynx to middle ear
-usually CLOSED, but opens when yawning and swallowing
- fluid drains from middle ear
-allows us to equalize pressure in the middle ear |
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Term
| In the cochlea, the ___ is filled with ____ fluid |
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Definition
1. helicotrema
2. perilymph |
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Term
| What connects the scala tympani and scala vestibuli? |
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Definition
| helicotrema (filled with perilymph fluid) |
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Term
| what is between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the scala media filled with |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the organ of corgi (sensory organ of hearing)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structure contains thousands of receptor hair cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| where does the organ of corti rest? |
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Definition
| on the basilar membrane, in the cochlea (inner ear) |
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Term
| what is the order of the ossicles? |
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Definition
| malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup) |
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Term
| the four functions of the outer ear |
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Definition
1. distinguish elevation of sound (where its coming from)
2. to distinguish whether sound is in front
3. protects middle ear from foreign bodies
4. concha enhances frequencies at 5000 hz, and external auditory canal enhances frequencies at 2500 hz |
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Term
| Where do the sound vibrations travel after striking the ear drum? |
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Definition
| through the ossicles to the footplate of the stapes, to the inner ear |
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Term
| where does the foot plate of the stapes rest? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two mediums in which the middle ear compensates for loss of sound energy from air to liquid |
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Definition
1. the areal ratio of the tympanic membrane to the footplate of the stapes
2. a complex lever system existing with in the ossicles |
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Term
| when the ear is stimulated by sound the vibrations cause the oval window to move____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when the ear is stimulated by sound the vibrations cause the round window to move ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| how are the nerve cells in the cochlea arranged |
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Definition
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Term
| which part of the cochlea contains high frequency nerve fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| which part of the cochlea contains the low frequency nerve fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| which nerve is organized so that each characteristic frequency corresponds to a place with in the nerve bundle (example of tonotopic organization) |
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Definition
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Term
| for which frequency range does both time and place based codes for sound frequency underlie perceived pitch? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the transducer function? |
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Definition
| the shearing forces applied to the cilia in the organ of corgi in response to acoustic stimulation which gives rise to electrical potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| OTOACOUSTIC EMMISIONS (cochlear echoes) |
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Term
| what time of OAE was first measured in humans? |
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Definition
| teoaes or transient evoked otoacoustic emissions |
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Term
| who were teoaes first measured by |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the nature of the action potentials evoked by the auditory nerve fibers? |
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Definition
| "all or none" response- the amplitude doesnt vary. once evoked, there is always a 100% response. |
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Term
| what is the characteristic frequency of a nerve fiber |
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Definition
| the frequency requiring the least amount of stimulus intensity to provoke a response form a nerve fiber |
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Term
| afferent pathways of the auditory CNS are |
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Definition
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Term
| efferent pathways of the auditory CNS are |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the ration of nerve fibers in the afferent pathways to the nerve fibers in the efferent pathways |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the characteristics of the auditory brainstem response? |
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Definition
- it can be recorded reliably and easily
- it can be used to estimate hearing loss
- it is useful in assisting with detection of neurological problems along the path of the auditory CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| - the lowest level at which sound can be detected 50% of the time. a normal hearing persons lowest threshold is 2000-4000 hz |
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Term
| what is the range of audibility for the normal hearing human ear |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of one acoustical signal to obscure the presence on another signal so it cant be detected (like a loud party) |
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Term
| what is binaural processing |
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Definition
one of the key functions of the auditory CNS- allows us to combine or integrate the neural information from both ears
it is necessary for localization of sound and the ability to hear in noisy situations |
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Term
| genetic transmission of hearing loss may be due to: |
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Definition
autosomal (non-sex linked) dominant inheritance
autosomal recessive inheritance
sex linked inheritance (x-linked) |
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Term
| hereditary factors make up about __% of all auditory disorders |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
endo- a trait or disorder that arises from ones genes
exo- a trait or disorder that has nothing to do with genes |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait or disorder that is present at birth |
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Term
| can hearing loss be hereditary but not congenital? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 causes of outer ear disorders |
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Definition
deformed pinna
collapsed canals
cerumen or foreign bodies
external otitis
cysts or tumors |
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Term
|
Definition
| common cause of hearing loss in 20s, 30s, 40s- build up of spongy bone that immobilizes the stapes footplate |
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Term
| how is otosclerosis treated |
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Definition
| surgery (stapedectomy) or a heaing aid |
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Term
| five medical complications associated with otitis media |
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Definition
1. cholesteotoma- growth of skin and debris associated with perforation of ear drum
2. facial paralysis- face nerve crosses through middle ear
3. perforation- hole in ear drum
4. tympanosclerosis- plaque that forms on ear drum and ossicles causes stiffening
5. adhesive otitis media (glue ear) |
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Term
| prevalence of otitis media (ear infection) |
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Definition
76-95% of children have an episode by age 6
highest during first 2 years of life
more common in males
more common in winter and spring |
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Term
| how to alleviate otitis media |
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Definition
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Term
| risk factors for hearing loss in newborns |
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Definition
in utero infections
low birthweight
family history of hearing loss
craniofacial abnormalities |
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Term
|
Definition
hearing loss associated with aging
sloping, high frequency, sensor neural (inner) hearing lossmore in men than women |
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Term
| how is NIHL characterized? (noise induced) |
|
Definition
1. an audiogram with a "4 k notch" configuration
2. a permanent sensorineural hearing loss in the high frequencies and near normal hearing in the low
3. desctruction of outer hair cells in the cochlea in the base with little or no inner ear damage near the apex |
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