Term
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Definition
The Science of sound. Also can refer to the effect a given environment has on sound. |
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Definition
Refers to the actual pressure changes in the air that comprise audible sound waves, as opposed to voltage changes that comprise an electrical audio path. |
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Definition
The sound deadening (absorptive) characteristics of any substance. |
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Definition
| For tape recorders, refers to the correct adjustment of the tape head position with respect to the magnetic tape path, and also adjustment of the recorder's electronics for the best frequency response. |
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Definition
| A special monaural tape recording for use in alignment and calibration of tape recordings, and containing test tones at specified frequencies. 30, 50, 100, 250, 500, 800Hz and 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12, and 15kHz. |
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Definition
A device which increases the level of a signal by increasing the voltage or current. Some are used to control signals and may actually decrease the level. |
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Term
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Definition
Another term for level or volume of an electrical or acoustical signal. A measurement of height of a waveform.
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Term
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Definition
An electrical signal whose frequency and level vary continuously in direct relationship to the original acoustical sound waves.
May also refer to a control or circuit that continuously changes the level of a signal in a direct relationship to the control setting.
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Term
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Definition
A room or chamber which is specially designed to absorb all sound within, thus preventing sound reflections or reverberation. Typically used in the evaluation of microphones and speakers.
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Definition
The beginning of a sound or the initial transient of a musical note. |
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Definition
To reduce the level of an electrical signal, usually with a volume or loudness control. Also to reduce sound levels acoustically through the use of absorption materials. |
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Definition
A device which reduces the voltage or power level of a signal. |
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Definition
A moveable, absorptive wall / panel used in studios to provide sound isolation between different instruments. |
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Definition
The surface or board on which one or more loudspeakers are mounted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A three wire audio circuit; two wires carry the signal high (+) and low (-) the third wire is a shield which is connected to chassis or system ground. The signal leads are both of equal potential to ground, and are hence "balanced" with respect to ground. (Not the same as floating). |
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Definition
Refers to the space in the frequency response of a device through which audio signals can pass (between lower and upper frequency limits, those points where the signal level has rolled off 3 dB). |
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Term
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Definition
In a tape recording, an inaudible high frequency signal (usually 100kHz or higher.) applied to the tape during the recording to optimize its frequency response and to reduce distortion. |
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Term
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Definition
A microphone sensitivity pattern having the same property in both directions. a.k.a. "figure 8".
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Term
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Definition
A stereo recording made with two microphones that are positioned to emulate the sensitivity and spacing of two ears on an average human head.
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Term
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Definition
Refers to excessive bass response, or a peak in the bass response of a recording, playback or sound reinforcement system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon that can be sometimes heard when a compressor is used to control a complex program signal, or even a single voice in the presence of ambient noise. The "breathing" is a modulation of background sounds, causing them to become louder as the compressors gain increases in the absence of strong signal and then to become softer when a strong signal is present. |
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Term
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Definition
An expression that usually describes a large amount of high frequency energy in a recording or playback system, or a sound reinforcement system. |
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Term
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Definition
A signal path to which a number of inputs may be connected for feed to one or more outputs. In a mixing console a bus is usually a long wire to which any input channel may be connected by means of a switch or control. The end of the wire goes into a summing amp, which then feeds one of the console outputs.
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Term
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Definition
An electronic device, which passes AC currents, but blocks DC. Also used to store voltages. A capacitor is made of two metallic surfaces separated by an insulator.
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Definition
A rotating shaft connected to the motor in a tape recorder that moves the tape at a constant speed across the heads. The tape is pressed against the capstan by a pinch roller. |
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Definition
The frequency at which the greatest amount of boost or attenuation (cut) occurs in a peak/dip type equalizer or a notch filter. |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when the capabilities of an amplifier are exceeded. The result is very audible distortion, also visible on an oscilloscope. |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique for recording or sound reinforcement whereby the microphones are placed close to vocalists and to instruments. Close miking provides a great deal of presence and detail for the nearby sound source(s), while avoiding leakage from more distant sound sources. Most of today's popular music recordings use close microphone techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
Is the demagnetizing force or field intensity required to reduce the signal on magnetic tape from maximum to zero. Also known as "intrinsic" coercivity. |
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Term
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Definition
A process whereby the dynamic range of program material is reduced. This is accomplished by making louder parts of the program quieter and or quiet parts louder. |
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Term
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Definition
An amplifier that decreases its gain as the level of the input signal increases to reduce the dynamic range of the program. May operate over the range of input levels, or it may operate only on signals above or below a given level. |
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Term
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Definition
A unit of measurement for ratios of sound level, power, voltage, and other quantities. |
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Term
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Definition
Is an electrical measurement of power. 0 dBm is equal to 1milliwatt, which is the same as 0.775 volts across a 600 ohm impedance. (+30 dBm = 1 watt; +50 dBm = 100 watts).
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Term
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Definition
Is an electrical measurement of voltage. 0 dBV is equal to 1 volt (+10 dBV = 20 volts).
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Term
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Definition
Is also an electrical measurement of voltage but 0 dBv is equal to 0.775 volts. |
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Term
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Definition
The smallest audible difference in sound level. It is also the threshold of human hearing at 1kHz. |
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Term
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Definition
Is an electrical measurement of power. 0 dBW is equal to 1 watt (+10 dBW = 10 watts, +20 dBW = 20 watts). |
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Term
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Definition
In a musical note, the initial fading of sound after the attack. |
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Term
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Definition
An audio signal processor that is used to remove excess sibilance from certain vocal tracks. Generally it is a specialized form of compressor with an equalizer in its level detection circuit that causes it to be more sensitive to high frequencies, thus restricting high-level high frequency sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
A device that delays an entire audio program signal by a certain amount of time. Usually from 0 to 1250 milliseconds.
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Term
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Definition
Any insulating material, although the term usually refers to the material between the plates of a capacitor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A numerical representation of the actual analog frequency and level of an audio signal. "Digital" also may refer to a control circuit that changes the level or assignment of a signal in discrete mathematical steps rather than continuously variable amounts. |
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Term
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Definition
The pattern of sound distribution from a speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
An unwanted change that occurs to an audio signal, causing frequency to appear at the output that were not present at the input of the audio device. |
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Term
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Definition
One or more discretely discernible delayed sound images. |
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Term
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Definition
A mixing console output that sends a signal to the input of a reverberation chamber or device. |
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Term
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Definition
A mixing console input that receives the signal from the output of a reverberation chamber or device. |
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Term
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Definition
A mixing console output that sends a signal to the input of an effects device. |
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Term
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Definition
A mixing console input that receives the signal from the output of an effects device. |
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Term
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Definition
The moment-to-moment changes in overall signal level of a program. A composite wave form that includes all frequencies and signal components. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electronic device that will make loud parts of the program louder and/or quiet parts quieter to increase (expand) the dynamic range. Commonly used to reduce analog tape noise (on playback) or to reduce leakage from other instruments (during recording or playback). |
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Term
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Definition
A potentiometer that controls the signal level of a console input position or output channel. May be linear or rotary. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special effects device used to create an effect originally created by carefully manipulating two tape recorders, which recorded and played the same signal. One machine was slowed down manually by holding pressure on its tape supply reel, then the other machine was slowed down alternately to create a comb filter. (harmonically related notches in the frequency response). Flanging is somewhat like phasing, but tends to impart a musical quality even to non-musical sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
The rapidity of change in current or voltage in an electrical signal or of air pressure in an acoustical signal. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The amount an amplifier increases the power of a signal. Usually specified in dB. |
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Term
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Definition
A unit of magnetic induction. One gauss represents one line of flux (1 Maxwell) per square centimeter. |
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Term
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Definition
Any point in an electrical or electronic device used as the zero voltage reference. |
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Term
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Definition
A mixing process where the
signal level from two or more inputs can be adjusted simultaneously using a single control. A typical application would be the grouping of several microphones inputs for a drum kit. |
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Term
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Definition
Are multiples of a fundamental frequency. The "first" harmonic is the fundamental. The second harmonic is twice the fundamental frequency. The third harmonic is three times the fundamental, and so forth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as the precedence effect. Helmut Hass first described this psycho acoustic phenomenon. The Hass effect describes our ability to perceive the location of a sound source based on the relative level and arrival time of the sound in each ear. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the difference between the nominal operating level and the minimum level at any point in an audio system or device. Usually expressed in dB. |
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Term
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Definition
A low frequency tone usually a multiple of the 50 Hz or 60 Hz power mains frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
An area, above or below the channel faders on a mixing console, reserved so the engineer can identify the signal being fed to the various faders. |
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Term
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Definition
The total opposition to the flow of alternating current in an electrical circuit. |
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Term
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Definition
This term describes a technique or a device that makes the output impedance of one circuit approximately equal to the input impedance of the next. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of joining any two pieces of equipment or systems, or a device which facilitates that joining. |
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Term
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Definition
A small soundproof room which serves a similar purpose to the acoustic baffle -- isolating a performer and microphone(s) from others in the studio. |
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Term
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Definition
Generally the unwanted acoustic pickup of sounds from other performers in a given microphone or channel. Leakage can also be of an electrical nature (Crosstalk). |
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Term
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Definition
A term loosely used to describe the amplitude of a signal or a sound. More precisely, it is the value of that signal or sound relative to a given reference expressed in dBm, dB SPL, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device which provides a visual display of the signal amplitude. This can be a meter, a series of light emitting diodes (LED's), etc. Level indicators may respond to the peak, average or RMS value of the signal. A VU meter is a level indicator with a carefully specified average response. |
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Term
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Definition
A type of compressor with approximately a 10:1 or greater compression ratio. |
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Term
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Definition
Line level refers to the nominal (average) operating level of an audio system, and generally corresponds to a "0 VU" meter reading. There are several widely used standard line levels: +8 dBm (1.95 V. RMS) for broadcast
+4 dBm (1.23 V RMS) for most pro audio and live sound
-10 dBm (310 mV RMS for consumer audio and semi-pro recording |
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Term
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Definition
Any output which delivers a signal at the nominal line level.
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Term
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Definition
Sound level as detected by an average human ear. Due to the ear's sensitivity characteristics, perceived loudness for a given sound pressure level will change at different frequencies. above or below 1000 Hz |
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Term
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Definition
A phenomenon whereby one or more sounds can "trick" the ear into not hearing other weaker sounds that are present simultaneously, even if they are at different frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
A fader which controls the overall level of one or more outputs simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
The signal level in dBV, dBv, dBm or voltage that would approximate the nominal level of a microphone. Somewhere around 0.001 to 0.003 volts (-60dBv to -50 dBv). |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby signals from a multitrack tape recorder are routed to a mixing console and recombined to make a mono, stereo, 5.1 or 7.1 master tape. The 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, or 48 tracks of the multitrack are positioned anywhere from full left, through center, to full right of the stereo perspective (5.1 and 7.1 formats add center front dialog and rear surround channels to the mix) and the individual track levels and equalization are adjusted to achieve the desired balance. Echo reverberation and other special effects may be added during the mixdown. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device or system in which two or more signal sources (mic or line level) can be combined and feed to another device or part of the audio system. Large format mixing consoles are designed for mixing many inputs or feeding many outputs simultaneously. |
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Term
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Definition
A high accuracy speaker system used in recording or broadcast control rooms and studios. |
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Term
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Definition
An expression that refers to a lack of definition or clarity in a recording, playback system or sound reinforcement system.
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Term
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Definition
The process of combining two or more signals, or splitting one signal into two or more signals without electronic or resistive summing or splitting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A switch that stops signal flow: Commonly found on input and output positions of mixing consoles. Similar to a channel on / off or kill switch . The mute switch accomplishes the same function as bringing the fader down to infinity (off), but avoids disturbing the mix setting. |
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Term
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Definition
Any unwanted signal, such as hum, hiss, rumble, crosstalk, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
A measure of how quiet a microphone preamplifier is.
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Term
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Definition
The level at which noise exists in an electronic device, audio system or tape recorder, commonly measured in the absence of signal.
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Term
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Definition
The average signal level at which a circuit, an input or an output of a piece of electronic equipment is meant to operate. |
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Term
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Definition
The property of not being linear. ( An output that does not vary in direct proportion to the input is said to be non-linear). |
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Term
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Definition
The interval between two frequencies having a ratio of 2:1. That is, twice a given frequency or half a given frequency is one octave away from that frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
Not directly in front of a microphone or speaker. If a 360 degree circle is drawn around a unit, the on axis position is 0 degrees (dead front center), and all other positions are considered to be off axis. |
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Term
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Definition
Equal sensitivity in all directions. Usually refers to non-directional microphones. |
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Term
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Definition
Tracks on a multi-track tape which have not yet been recorded (or which are eraseable), and are hence available for overbubs. |
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Term
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Definition
| When two related signals (or a single signal which has been split) are offset in time acoustically or electronically, they may be said to be out of phase (larger offsets that enable two signals to be audibly differentiated from each other are considered to be time delays). Depending on the actual phase difference the out of phase signals may cancel or reinforce one another if combined. |
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Term
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Definition
A recording or segment of a recording that originally was considered usable, but later was not used or was discarded in favor of another recording of the same program. Records are often made by recording a given musical selection two or more times and then selecting the best performances. The unused recordings (takes) are considered to be out takes. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to electronic equipment or signal processors that are not incorporated in the recording / mixing console. |
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Term
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Definition
The routing of a signal from a given input position (channel) to a particular output bus or busses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The final output of any multi-channel audio device. In a mixing console; individual inputs can be routed to different output channels via the output busses. In a multi-channel tape recorder, each track of the tape feeds its own tape-recorded output channel. |
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Term
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Definition
The last section of any amplifier system, whether line amplifier or power amplifier. |
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Term
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Definition
In a compressor or limiter, the "excess" signal level that occurs during the time it takes for the circuitry to react, i.e., before the gain decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the uniformity with which tape is spooled onto a reel. A good tape pack will be smooth with no ripples; poor tape packs can lead to damaged tape edges. |
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Term
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Definition
A passive resistor network which reduces the power level of a signal. In some cases a pad is utilized to match unequal input and output impedences for proper interface. |
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Term
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Definition
Abbreviation for panorama. A procedure whereby any mono signal can be placed in a stereo or surround perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
The control that places the signal in the stereo or surround perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passive devices are electronic components that introduce losses in the audio circuit in which they are inserted because they do not have amplification circuitry. Passive devices do not require a power supply. |
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Term
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Definition
A process of routing or re-routing audio or video signals using patch cords. Also in electronic music synthesizers; the combination of connections and control settings that produces a particular sound. |
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Term
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Definition
Any point in the signal flow of a mixing console where the audio can be brought out of and re-introduced into the console; channel inputs and main outputs are not usually considered patch points. Usually refers to pairs of output / input jack that appear in the console's patch bay (i.e., post fader and pre EQ inserts for a given channel). |
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Term
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Definition
The maximum instantaneous power or voltage level of a signal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abbreviation for Pre Fader Listen. A feature found on most recording / mixing consoles that enables the mixing engineer to preview (listen to) the signal coming into the input on monitor speakers or headphones while the channel fader is down and no signal is feeding the recorder or the stereo buses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A multi-channel recording procedure whereby several recorded tracks are played back in "sync" mode combined (mixed) and re-recorded onto any open track. This is usually done to make additional tracks available, and may be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
The perceived frequency of a sound. Relative pitch is subjective and depends on the sound level as well as the actual pitch. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the signal point after the equalizer in a mixer or console. A circuit that is fed post EQ will be subject to any adjustments of that equalizer. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the signal point after the fader in a mixer or console. A circuit that is fed post fader will be subject to any adjustments of that fader.
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the signal point preceding the equalizer in a mixer or console. A circuit that is fed pre EQ will not be subject to any adjustments of that equalizer. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the signal point preceding the fader in a mixer or console. A circuit that is fed pre fader will not be subject to any adjustments of that fader. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to that area of the audio frequency spectrum which affect the perceived presence of the sound, Assuming there is no echo or reverb, presence or the feeling of being "up front" will be determined by the relative balance of those frequencies falling roughly between the 2kHz and 5kHz range.
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Term
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Definition
A low frequency boost which occurs when cardioid microphones a held very close to a sound source. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure in multitrack recording that is essentially an overdub, but instead of recording the new part on an adjacent track to already recorded material, the new part is recorded by erasing a previous part of a given track. The punch in is initiated while the tape is playing by entering record mode at some precise instant, i.e., a punch in at bar XX or after a given word. (Punch out refers to either stopping the recording or switching from record back to play mode for the track or tracks involved.) |
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Term
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Definition
A description of the width or sharpness of an equalizer or filter characteristic. The higher the "Q" the steeper the response curve.
Also a measure of the directivity of a loudspeaker. A truly omni-directional speaker has a "Q" of 1. Higher "Q" speakers are more directional. |
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Term
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Definition
Unrecorded or "blank" magnetic recording tape. |
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Term
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Definition
Bending of sound waves caused when the waves travel from a medium of one density to a medium of another density, such as warm air to cold air. |
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Term
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Definition
The opposition to flow of AC or DC electric current, measured in ohms. |
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Term
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Definition
The tendency of an electrical or mechanical system to vibrate, or oscillate at a certain frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
In an audio device or system, a frequency at which there is a response peak. |
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Term
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Definition
Rise time defines how rapidly an audio waveform goes from zero to maximum level. Faster rise times are associated with higher frequencies. The rise time generally refers to the signal itself, not to the circuitry through which it flows.
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Term
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Definition
Refers to a standing wave or the frequency at which one occurs in any given acoustic environment. |
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Term
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Definition
A condition where further increase in signal level cannot be accommodated. The level where high distortion occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the routing of signal (the path of the signal) as it goes from the input to the output of and audio device or system. Synonymous with "signal path". |
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Term
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Definition
The difference between the nominal or maximum operating level and the noise floor, specified in dB. Values may be weighted or un-weighted. Sometimes equivalent to dynamic range. |
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Term
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Definition
| Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. Also refers to a common standard for measurement of intermodulation distortion (IM), and for a standard reference code for identification of frames of film or videotape; SMPTE timecode is also used for synchronization of two or more audio tape recorders |
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Term
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Definition
| A feature of many mixing consoles that allows one input signal, one bus, or a combination of "soloed" signals to be monitored exclusive of all other signals - without disturbing the main output mix. For example, in the middle of a show with an 18 in X 2 out console, an engineer might listen to one microphone (perhaps to check for a problem, to see what it is picking up, or adjust the input position's EQ). She merely engages that input position's solo button - the sound reinforcement and / or tape recorder feeds are not affected. |
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Term
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Definition
An acoustic measurement of the sound energy, usually
measured in dB SPL. Not the same as loudness, which involves subjective measurement based on the human ear's differing sensitivity at different frequencies and levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a mixing console, the bus or channel which is used to feed a program to a stereo tape recorder, 2-channel sound system or other stereo equipment. (A stereo bus actually consists of two busses, the left bus and the right bus.) |
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Term
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Definition
A 2-gang fader which simultaneously controls the overall level of the left and right outputs (i.e. ; the stereo bus output). |
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Term
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Definition
A sub-multiple of the fundamental frequency. For instance, a sub-harmonic is a wave whose frequency is one half that of the fundamental. |
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Term
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Definition
In multi-track tape recorders, a technique where channels on the record head can be used for tape playback while other channels are being recorded. This permits performers to listen to previously recorded tracks and to record additional tracks in perfect Synchronization.
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Term
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Definition
An acceptable recording of a musical selection or production. |
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Term
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Definition
this is the level (or point) at which a compressor, limiter ,expander or gate begins to act on the signal. This point is usually user adjustable. |
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Term
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Definition
Any device which converts energy from one form to another.
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Term
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Definition
An abrupt increase in signal level. In music the result of a percussive or plucked instrument such as a drumhead being struck or a guitar string being picked. It is desirable to preserve these musical transients. However, there are unwanted electrical transients such as the "click" caused by a switch , or the "pop" caused by a scratched record. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability of a microphone, amplifier, or speaker (etc.) to follow sudden changes in audio levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Audio circuit with two wires; one wire carries the signal, high (+) and the second carries the low (-) and is also connected to chassis or system ground. Since the signal leads are not of equal potential difference from the ground, they are considered to be "unbalanced" with respect to ground. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to an amplifier or active circuit in which the output level is the same as the input level. |
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Term
VOLTAGE
CONTROLLED
AMPLIFIER |
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Definition
| The VCA is a special type of audio amplifier that can be used to decrease level, unlike conventional amplifiers, which would become unstable if operated with loss. Also, instead of using signal attenuation, the amount of amplification is controlled by an external dc voltage. VCA's are commonly used in recording consoles for level automation and sub-grouping functions. also used in electronic music synthesizers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wire wrapped around a tube (coil form) attached to the speaker cone or driver diaphragm. The coil becomes an electromagnet when an audio signal is applied; this interacts with a permanent magnet and causes the cone or diaphragm to vibrate. |
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Term
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Definition
Electrical potential or Electro Motive Force (EMF). The unit of measurement is the volt. |
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Term
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Definition
A unit of volume (audio level). A change of one VU is the same as a change of one decibel for a sine wave. VU is more specifically used to describe the level of complex waveforms, such as speech and music.
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Term
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Definition
A unit of measure for electrical or acoustical power. |
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Term
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Definition
A regular variation in electrical signal level or sound pressure level. |
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Term
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Definition
A program to which reverb or echo has been added. |
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Term
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Definition
A term that describes the amount of the recording tape which is actually in contact with the surface of the tape head. Usually measured in angle of wrap. |
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Term
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Definition
| type connector (XLR):Describes any of several varieties of audio connectors having 3 or more conductors plus an outer shell that shields the connection and locks the mating connectors. The 3 pin XLR connectors are commonly used to make balanced mic and line level connections in professional audio systems. The XLR connector is also sometimes called a "cannon" connector, so named for the original manufacturer although a number of companies now manufacturer compatible connectors. |
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Term
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Definition
A mechanical adjustment of a magnetic tape head to obtain uniform contact with the top and bottom of the tape. Zenith refers to the forward-backward tilting of the head. |
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