Edward

Thorndike

Behaviorist-1990's

Instrumental Conditioning

-Law of Exercise- conditional response to stimuli strengthens with repetition.

-Law of Effect- rewarded response strengthens while punished responses weaken.

Pavlov

Behaviorist- 1920's

Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned stimuli= food

Neutral/conditioned stimuli= bell

Dogs salivate

John

Watson

Behaviorist- 1990's

Conditioned responses-
child is "taught" to responde to stimulus in an unnatural way

child likes white rate-> child is taught to fear same rat

Kohlberg

Moral Development

Preconventional Morality Prek-5

Stage 1- fear punishment-ego centric

Stage 2- still no morality. not willing to help others even if it benefits self.

Conventional Morality MS-HS

Stage 3- Want to be good. associate with adults. Shows concern.

Stage 4- Shift from pleasing adults to respecting rules. part of society.

Post Conventional Morality HS-Beyond

Stage 5- differienciate between legality and morals. flexible right and wrong. Society is favored over self.

Stage 6- Very few reach this stage. cosmic understanding of justice and dignity. principals always take value over socially accepted.

Albert

Bandura

Social Learning Theory

-great deal of learning takes place through modeling

-copy adults

-verbal explanations and reinforcement are also important

Jean

Piaget

Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor (0-18m)- Poor verbal and cognitive developmen out of sie out of mind.

Preoperational (18m-7y)- language and solve some problems. egocentric. cannot think backwards

Concrete Operational (7y-12y)- thinking is organized and logical. need good resources. think backwards. not metaphorical.

Formal Operational (12y+)- thinks metaphorically, has reason, if fruitful concrete operational -> successful formal operational.

Freud

psychoanalytic theoist

4 stages of psychosexual development -oral, anal, phallic, and genital.

personality- id, ego, superego

-personality develops from gratification experienced at each stage.

Skinner

-Behaviorist

-Operant conditioning- how voluntary behavior is shaped

-reward/positive reinforcement

-negative reinforcement-escape punishment

-extinction-undesired response ignored

-punishment

-believed immediate positive reinforment and extinction and punishment worked best

Erik

Eriksen

Psychosocial development

8 Psychosocial Stages

Emotional crisis can either led to postitive or negative resuls. each stage affects the next

Kinderg-Initiative vs. Guilt- accepted vs. rejection

1st-5th- Industry vs. Inferiority

6th-9th- Identity vs. Identity Confusion

10-12th- Intimacy vs. Isolation

African Americans

- took almost 200 years for government to rule segragation as unconstritutional

-racism still exists

-unemployment rate near 50% in some areas

Hispanics

-Mexico, Central and South America, and Caribean

-1/2 speak spanish as first language

-ESL

Economic needs

and how the affect

American families

-Less than 10% of families have children, a mother at home, and a working father

-Over 30% of married couples have no children

-Over 70% of children have working mothers

Latchkey Children

Have no parents at home

Divorce

-Majoriy of adults under 40 will be divorced

-30% of children live with step parent

- 1/4 children raised by one parent and 2/3 of them live below poverty

Culural Pluralism

-immigrants mainain their cultural and linguistic identity

-opposite of acculturation

Sociology

- the study of how people behave in a group

students in classroom

teachers with faculty

citizens in community

Anthropology

-Study of culture and the development of society

Communities and schools

Nature Versus Nurture

Certain characteristics are linked to genes and heredity.

Though there is a gray area as to how much nurturing affects development

Native Americans

- have largest family size and fasted growth rate

-have higest suicide and alcoholism rates

-disproportionally poor and disenfranchised.

Asian Americans

-Mostly Chinese and Japanese with recent immigrats from Korea and Southeast Asia.

-Achievement above national average

Crime and Violence

-We live in a society where crime is rampant and crime pays.

-Some estimate that 3-7% of students bring a gun to school.

-Good classroom management can help in averting some incidents

Alcohol and Drug Abuse

-Alcohol is most used and abused drug, tabacco follows second.

-students engage in crimes to get money for drugs and  

Sex

-While many students say they know about sex they actually don' know.

-Teen pregnancies, abotions, dropouts, and ruined lives.

-Increases of syphilis, gonorhea, and other sexually transmitted diseases

Teen Pregnancy

-about 10% of teen girls will become pregnant.

-primary reason why girls drop ou of school.

AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficienc Synfrome

-Sudents must know how to reduce risk factors

-Girls are more likely to become HIV +

-Drugs and alcohol lower inhibitions and lead to unsafe practices

Dropouts

-10% White

-15% African Americans

-30% Hispanics

-Lower wages and poorer living conditions

-Intervention, counsellings, alternative programs, and vocational schools can help prevent dropouts

Child Abuse

-primary cause of violent youth, runaways, and drug abusers.

-Physical and asexual abuse are the most destructive

-Most abusers are family members, relatives, and friends.

-Younger studens are often incapable of talking about their absuse and may not reveal it when asked.

-Some states require teachers to report suspected child abuse

School Laws

-schools cannot discrimiate against students, teaachers, or others based on race, sex, ethniciy, or religion. "Reverse discriminaion" MAY be legal when whiring teachers, not firing.

-Prayer is not permited in schools.

-Schools must make children's school records available to parens and legal guardians.

-Schools may remove books from the school library. However, a book may not be removed rom the library just because a board memver or schools official does not agree with its content.

Teacher Laws

-Do not have to provided information on age, marital status, sexual orientation, or unrated information when being employed.

-Nontenured teachers have very limited rights. Can choose no to rehire.

-Teachers cannot be fired for behavior that does not disrupt or intefere with their effectiveness as a teacher.

-Cannot be forced into maternity leave

-Teachers can be sued an be liable for negligence.

-Teachers can associate with whomever they want with off-school hours, even if not supposed by school.

-Teachers have freedom of speach as long as they do not disclose confidential info, and it does not interfere with teaching performance. Teachers cannot inerfere with curriculm and do not have unlimited academic freedom of speech in the classroom.

Student Laws

-Students with disabilities ages 3-21 are entitled to a free and appropriate public education. Least Restrictive Environment.

-Students have limited freedom of press when school pays for it. If students have outside funding, they school cannot be censored by the school.

-Students are entitled to due process. Students ave a right to a hearing and can present a defense before being suspended...unless they pose a threat to others in the school

-Students have freedom of speech unless it causes a significant disruption in the school. They may display message or symbols on their persons and refuse to partifipate in the pledge. However they cannot use speech considered vulgar or offensive.