Term
| Functional components of basic communication |
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Definition
| referent, sender, message, channel, receiver, environment, feedback, interpersonal variables |
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Term
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Definition
Be simple and straight forward
Watch nonverbal because they are sensitive to it
Childs eye level
Incorporate play into interaction |
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Term
| Barriers to effective communication |
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Definition
asking irrelevant personal questions
offering personal opinions
giving advice
giving false reassurance
minimizing feelings
changing the topic
asking why questing or asking for explanations
excessive questioning
offering value judgments
responding approving or disapprovingly |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome GAS |
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Definition
Alarm reaction – Body functions are heightened to respond to stressors (elevated blood pressure and heart rate, heightened mental alertness, increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine).
◯◯ Resistance stage – Body functions normalize while responding to the stressor. The body attempts to cope with the stressor.
◯◯ Exhaustion stage – Body functions are no longer able to maintain a response to the stressor. |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear – Wife, husband, child(ren)
Extended – Nuclear plus relative(s) (Aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins)
Blended – Nuclear plus stepchildren; families of divorce with remarriage
Alternative – “Grandparents caring for grandchildren, nonfamilies (single adults living alone), cohabiting partners, and same-gender couples |
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Term
| Barriers to providing cultural nursing care |
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Definition
language and communication differences
culturally inappropriate tests and tools that lead to misdiagnosis
Ethnic variations in drug metabolism related to genetics |
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Term
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Definition
belief that ones culture is superior to others
interferes with the provision of cultural nursing care |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a client is living in a new dominant culture and adopts those patterns of behavior |
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Term
| subcultures form due to diversity based on: |
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Definition
| age, gender, sexual orientation, marital status, family structure, income, education level, religious views, life experiences |
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Term
| Spiritual rituals and observances |
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Definition
Hinduism: do not prolong life, some are vegetarians, lie on floor while dying with thread placed around neck/wrist, family pours water into mouth and bathes the body, cremated
Buddhism: may refuse care or fast on holy days, vegetarians, avoid alcohol and tobacco, last rites, chanting
Islam: prayer in infants ear at birth, avoid alcohol and pork, fast during Ramadan, confess sins at death with body facing Mecca, washed and enveloped in white cloth with prayer
Judaism: circumcised on eighth day, Kosher diet, someone stays with body
Christianity: some baptize at birth, some fast during lent, some avoid alcohol, tabacco and caffiene, last rites
Mormonism: baptized at 8 by immersion, avoid tabacco, alcohol and caffiene, last rites, communion, bural
Jehovah's Witnesses: do not accept blood transfusions, avoid foods having or prepared with blood |
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Term
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Definition
Necessary: part of the cycle of life that is anticipated but til may be intensely felt. Can be replaced by something different or better
Actual: loss of a valued person or item
Perceived: loss defined by client that is not obvious to others
Maturational: normally expected due to the developmental processing of life; helps develop coping skills
Situational: unanticipated loss caused by external event |
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Term
| Kubler-Ross Five stages of Grief |
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Definition
DABDA may not be in order
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance |
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Term
| Worden: Four Tasks of Mourning |
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Definition
Should take about a year; varies
Task I: accepting inevitability of loss
Task II: Using coping mechanisms to experience emotional pain of loss
Task III: Changing environment to accommodate absence
Task IV: Readjusting emotional ties to new individuals and moving thoughts about the deceased to a less prominent place in everyday thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
Comprehensive care delivery system implemented when a client is not expected to live longer than six months.
Further medical care aimed towards cure is stopped and the focus becomes symptom relief and enhances quality of life |
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Term
| Signs and symptoms of approaching death |
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Definition
Decreased LOC
Muscle relaxation
Labored breathing
Mucus collected in large airways
Incontinence of bowel/bladder
Mottling w. poor circulation
Pupils nonreactive to light
Pulse weakening, dropping BP
Cool extremities
Perspiration
Decreased urine output
Inability to swallow |
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Term
| Nursing grief coping strategies |
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Definition
Going to clients funeral
Communicating in writing to family
Attending debriefing sessions with colleagues
Using stress management techniques
Talking with a counselor |
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Term
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Definition
especially important with gait issues and DM
Inspect daily, especially between toes
Use lukewarm water and dry thoroughly
Avoid over-the-counter products that contain alcohol/strong chemicals
Wear clean cotton socks daily
Check shoes for objects, rough seams, or edges
Cut nails straight across and use emery board to file edges
Avoid corn/callus self treatment
Do not apply unprescribed heat
Buy/wear comfy shoes that do not restrict circulation
Contact provider if any signs of infection or inflammation
DM-do not soak feet, file nails do not cut, do not apply lotion between fingers or toes |
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Term
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Definition
Stage 1: NREM: few minutes, light, vital signs/metabolism diminish, awakened easily
Stage 2 NREM: deeper, 10-20m, VS/M continue to diminish, slightly more stimulation to awaken, increased relaxation
Stage 3 NREM: Deep, 15-30m, VS decrease, difficult to awaken, seldom moves
Stage 4 NREM: delta sleep: deepest sleep 15-30m, very low VS, physical rest and restoration, talking/sleep walking occurs, repair and renewal of tissue
REM: Dreams, about 90m after falling asleep, increases with each cycle-about 20m, varying VS, mental rest and restoration occurs |
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Term
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Definition
Insomnia: women and older adults more: inability to get an adequate amount of sleep and to feel rested
Sleep apnea: more than 3 apneic occurences at least 10s/hr result in decreased arterial o2 sat levels due to 1 or more. Central nervous system dysfunction doesnt trigger breathing or obstruction in upper airway
Narcolepsy: disorder of sleep/wake. may lost inability to stay awake and at inappropriate times |
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Term
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Definition
Participate in regular exercise
Eat small meals high in protein
Avoid activities increasing sleepiness, and that would cause injury should they fall asleep
Take naps when they are likely to occur
Take stimulants provided |
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Term
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Definition
Carbs: provide most of bodys energy and fiver, g=4kcal, whole grain breads, baked potatoes, brown rice
Fats: energy and vitamins, no more than 30% caloric intake, g=9kcal; olive oil, salmon, egg yols
Protein: growth and repair of body tissues, g=4kcal; ground beef, whole milk, poultry
Vitamins: metabolism: fat soluble-ADEK, water C,B
Water |
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Term
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Definition
Anorexia nervosa: body wight less than 85% of ideal, fear of being fat, feeling fat, no menses for at least 3 consecutive months
Bulimia: cycle of binge eating followed by purging
Obesity: BMI (kg/m^2) over 30; 35 is upper line for healthy |
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Term
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Definition
Position in Fowlers or chair
Support upper back, neck and head
Have client tuck chin when swallowing-help propel down esophagus
Observe for it or pocketing, or dysphagia
Maintain semi-Fowlers at least 1hr after meals
Provide oral hygiene after meals/snacks |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids, electrolytes, minerals, vitamins, dextrose, amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
Heat: increases blood flow, increases tissue metabolism, relaxes muscles, eases joint stiffness and pain
Cold: decreases inflammation, prevents swelling, reduces bleeding and fever, diminished muscle spasms, and decreases pain by decreasing the velocity of nerve conduction |
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Term
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Definition
-Assess condition/circulation of skin
-measure clients calf/thigh circumference and leg length to select correct stocking
-Turn stocking inside to heel
-Put stocking on foot
-Pull remainder of stocking over the heel and up the leg
-Smooth creases/wrinkles
Remove and reapply twice a day and make sure they are not too tight over the toes. Keep dry/clean. Document application/removal |
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Term
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Definition
-Assess skin/circulation
-Measure largest part of the clients thigh for size
-Place stockinette on first then apply sleeves
_attach sleeves to inflator and turn on
_monitor and document |
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Term
| Positioning to reduce leg vein compression |
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Definition
| Avoid: crossing the legs, sitting for long periods of time, wearing restrictive clothing on lower extremities, putting pillows behind the knees, massaging the legs |
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Term
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Definition
(inflammation of a vein that results in clot formation)
-Notify provider immediately
-Position client in bed with legs elevated
-Avoid any pressure at sight
-Anticipate giving anticoagulants as prescribed |
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Term
| Pain transmission substances |
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Definition
increased and cause inflammatory response: Substance P, Prostaglandins, Bradykinin, Histamine
decrease and produce analgesia: Serotonin, Endorphins |
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Term
| Nonpharmacological pain management |
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Definition
| cutaneous skin stimulation (heat/cold), distraction, relaxation, imagery, acupuncture, environment, elevation of extremities to promote venous return and decrease swelling |
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Term
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Definition
morphine sulfate, Sublimaze, dilaudid, codeine: moderate to severe pain (postop, MI, cancer)
-parenteral route for acute, short term and oral for chronic, nonfluctuating pain
-consistency for consistency control
Monitor/intervene for adverse effects:
-Constipation
-Orthostatic Hypotension
-Urinary retention: may need to adminster bethanechol and catheterize
-N/V-antiemetics
-Sedation-LOC
-Respiratory Depression |
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Term
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Definition
acetaminophen, NSAIDs including salicylates for mild to moderate pain
-hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen. no more than 4 g/day
-monitor for salicylism (tinnitus, vertigo, decreased hearing acuity)
-prevent gastric upset by giving with food or antacids
-Monitor for bleeding when long term use |
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Term
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Definition
engance effects of nonopioids, help alleviate other symptoms that aggravate pain and are useful for neuropathic pain
Anticonvulsants:Tegretol, Antianxiety agents: Valium/diazepam, Tricyclic antidepressants: amitruptyline/Elavil, Antihistamine: hydroxyzine/Vistaril, Glucocorticoids: dexamethasone/Decadron, Antiemetics: zofran |
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Term
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Definition
Alternative medical philosophy: traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, homeopathy
Biological and botanical therapies: diets, vitamins, minerals, herbal preps
Body manipulation: massage, touch, chiropractic therapy
Mind-body therapies: biofeedback, art therapy, meditation, yoga, psychotherapy, tai chi
Energy therapies: Reiki, therapeutic tough |
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Term
| Specialized versus nursing intervention CAM |
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Definition
specialized/certifies:
acupunture/pressure, homeopathic medicine, naturopathic medicine, chiropractic medicine, massage therapy, biofeedback, therapeutic touch
nurses:
guided imagery/visualization therapy, healing intention, breath work, humor, meditation, simple touch, music therapy, therapeutic communication |
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Term
| Bowel elimination factots |
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Definition
-Age; Infant: breast milk: water/yellow brown, formula: pasty/brown; Older adults: decrease peristalsis
-Fiber requirement 25-30 g/day; Fluid 2000-3000 mL/day
-Emotional distress increases peristalsis
-Depression and opioid use decrease peristalsis: constipation
-Habits: one a day need, lack of privacy, public toilets
Surgery/anesthesia: slows intestines Paralytic ileus: must auscultate sounds before advancing diets
Pregnany: fetus takes up intestine space, slowing peristalsis, straining causes hemorrhoids |
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Term
| Bowel elimination factors |
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Definition
-Age; Infant: breast milk: water/yellow brown, formula: pasty/brown; Older adults: decrease peristalsis
-Fiber requirement 25-30 g/day; Fluid 2000-3000 mL/day
-Emotional distress increases peristalsis
-Depression and opioid use decrease peristalsis: constipation
-Habits: one a day need, lack of privacy, public toilets
Surgery/anesthesia: slows intestines Paralytic ileus: must auscultate sounds before advancing diets
Pregnany: fetus takes up intestine space, slowing peristalsis, straining causes hemorrhoids |
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