14 total

3 in each toe 2-5, and 2 in hallux

Where are metatarsals loacated?

How many total?

They lie between the phalanges and tarsals

one for each toe - 5

How many tarsal bones are there?

Where are they located?

7 tarsal bones

located in the ankle

first row: 1st cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 3rd cuneiform, cubiod

second row: navicular, talus, calcaneus(heel bone)

Which tarsal is most superior?

Which is the largest? What is the function of it?

most superior: talus

largest: calcaneus

function: get body weight to the ground and act as level attachment for the calf muscle

What is the tibia?

Which side of the leg is it on?

Main weight bearing bone of the leg. The larger bone

On the medial side of the leg

What is the fibula?

Which side of the leg is it on?

Provides for attachments of muscles. It is long and slender.

Lateral side of the leg

shock absorber of weight bearing

dissipate force

medial longitudinal arch

lateral longitudinal arch

superior metatarsal arch

transverse arch

Where is the medial longitudinal arch located?

Whats its main supporting ligaments?

Medial border of calcaneus to the distal head of the first metatarsal.

Plantacalcaneonavicular ligament (on the bottom surface)

Where is the transverse arch located?

What does it do?

Runs across the first row of tarsals

gives protection and increases mobility of foot

Plantar vs. dorsal?

Proximal vs. distal?

plantar = under/botom

dorsal = on top

proximal = nearer center

distal = further from center

What is the talocrural joint?

What type of joint is it?

Where the talus meets the heads of the tibia and fibula.

A mortice joint

What is the interphalangeal joint (IP)?

Where are their collateral ligaments?

What do its motions include?

articulations of the phalanges  (one on hallux and 2 on all others...PIP and DIP)

collateral ligaments on medial and lateral sides, and interphalangeal ligaments on plantar and dorsal surfaces

flexion and extension only

What is the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP)?

What ligaments does it contain?

What do its motions include?

articulations of the phalanges and the metatarsals

have collateral ligaments and plantar and dorsal metatarsophalangeal lig.

flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

What is the intermatatarsal joint (IM)?

____ are connected by interosseous ligaments.

they connect the metatarsals at both the head and base.

Shafts of bone are connected by___

Where are the tarsometatarsal joints?

What are they connected by?

What movements do they include?

Where the base of the metatarsals come together with the tarsal bones

connected by dorsal and plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments

flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Where are the intertarsal joints?

What movements do they include?

Which is the most important of these joints?

*are there ligaments here?

articulations between the tarsals.

gliding, flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, inversion, and eversion

subtalar (between talus and calcaneus)

there are MANY ligaments here

Where is the subtalar?

What are its movements?

between the talus and calcaneus(type of intertarsal joint)

Pronation = abduction and eversion

Supination = adduction and inversion

What is the syndesmosis joint?

What movements does it have?

What is a high ankle sprain?

Where tibia and fibula come together

not designed to have any movements

where tib and fib are pulled apart and cause a lot of pain/damage

What is the talocrural joint?

what type of joint?

what are its movements?

articulations of the tibia and fibula and the talus

hinge joint

movements of this ankle joint are dorsiflexion(point toes down) and plantar flexion (pull toes up)

1) anterior talofibular (ATFL) - prevents anterior displacement of talus

2) posterior talofbular (PTFL) - prevents posterior displacement of talus

3) calcaneofibular (CFL) - prevents inversion of calcaneus

What are the medial ligaments involved with the talocrural joint?

Main function?

Medial or  deltoid ligament - made up of anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, and tibiocalcaneal

prevents eversion

What is the plantar aponeurosis?

Whats its function?

What is it the site for?

thick white band of fibrous tissue from medial tuberosity of calcaneus to the proximal heads of metatarsals

supports foot against downward forces

site of plantar fascitis

What is the strongest ligament in your body?

Second strongest?

iliofemoral (Y ligament of Bigelow)

deltoid ligaments

anterior compartment

lateral compartment

superficial posterior compartment

deep posterior compartment

What type of joint is the knee?

What movement does it allow?

What is its function?

ginglymus/hinge joint

flexion and extension, and slight medial and lateral rotation

provies stability in weight bearing and mobility in locomotion

The knee is ____ in bony arrangements.

What allows for this?

____ has nothing to do with the knee.

the knee is weak in bony arrangements

this is compensated for through support of ligaments and musculature

the fibula has nothing to do with it

articulates with the tibia and patella

has 2 condyles; lateral and medial which form a hollowed area to receive the patella

has 2 condyles to receive the condyles of the femur

condyles are divided posteriorly by a groove called the popliteal notch

What is the patella bone?

where does it 'sit'?

-largest sesamoid bone in body

-lies within tendon of quadriceps muscle

-anterior protection to knee joint

-gives increased leverage to the knee on extension

-does not sit on joint, sits on the femur

between 2 femoral condyles and menisci

between tibia and menisci

between patella and femur

what are the functions of the menisci?

difference between medial vs lateral meniscus?

1)deepen articular surface for femur

2) absorb shock

3)provide stability to joint

4) tighten cruciate ligaments and restict ROM

5)lubricate joint slightly

medial = C-shaped

lateral = O-shaped

What are the bursae sacs?

how many are there in the knee?

protective synovia filled sacs in tissue sites that otherwise would become irritated because of friction

at least 11

__ is a common insertion of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus on the tibia

it is a ____.

Pes anserine

it is a bursae sac

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

medial collateral ligament (MCL)

lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

Where is the ACL?

What does it do?

attaches below and in front of the tibia on the medial side going backwards to the inner surface of the lateral condyle

-prevents anterior displacement of tibia in relationship to femur

-stabilizes the tibia against abnormal internal and external rotation

Where is the PCL?

What does it do?

attaches from back of tibia on lateral side and goes in upward, forward, medial direction and attaches to the anterior portion of lateral surface of medial condyle of femur

-prevents posterior displacement of tibia in relation to femur

-primary stabilizer of the knee

stronger than ACL

Where is the MCL?

What does it do?

distal end of the femur to the proximal end of tibia

prevent knee from valgus (knock knee) and external rotating forces

Where is the LCL?

What does it do?

distal end of the femur to the proximal end of fibula

prevent knee from varus (bowleg)

ilium (superiorly and posteriorly), pubis (anterior), and ischium (inferiorly), fuse early in life to form innominate bones( 2 of them)

lodged in between innominate bones is sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)

coccyx is 4 or 5 small fused vertebral bodies that articulate with sacrum

what i the sacroiliac joint (SI Joint)?

What type of movement does it involve?

Sacrum joined to other parts of pelvis by strong ligaments

allows small backward and forward movements

head of femur with the acetabulum of the innominate bone

surrounding the rim is a fibrocartilage known as the glenoid labrum

1) iliofemoral (Y ligament of bigelow) - strongest, prevents hyperextension, controls external rotation and adduction of thigh

2) pubofemoral - prevents excessive abduction of thigh

3) ischiofemoral - prevents excessive internal rotation

anterior: sartorius and quadriceps femoris group

posterior: popliteus and hamstring group

medial: gracilis, pectineus, 3 adductor muscles (adductor longus, brevis, and magnus)

anterior: iliacus and psoas = oliopsoas

posterior: tensor fascia latae, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius,  and 6 deep outward rotators

what muscle does both hip adduction and hip abduction?

what about hip flexion and hip extension?

gluteus maximus

adductor magnus

Pronation vs supination?

(in relation to lower extremety muscles)

pronation - abduction and eversion

supination - adduction and inversion

plantar flexion

flexion of knee

plantar flexion

flexion of knee

supination

plantar flexion

pronation

plantar flexion

pronation

plantar flexion

supination

dorsiflexion

extension of phalanges 2-5

pronation

dorsiflexion

supination

dorsiflexion

extension of hallux

supination

dorsiflexion

pronation

flexion of phalanges 2-5

plantar flexion

supination

flexion of hallux

plantar flexion

supination

flexion of knee

internal rotation of hip

hip extension

flexion of knee

internal rotation of hip

hip extension

flexion of knee

external rotation of hip

hip extension

flexion of knee

internal rotation of hip

adduction of hip

flexion of knee

external rotation of hip

abduction of hip

hip flexion

action of vastus medialis?

what is VMO?

extension of knee

VMO=vastus medialis oblique, where it angles

extension of knee

hip flexion

action of iliacus and psoas?

what is this also called?

hip flexion

external rotation of hip

-iliopsoas

internal rotation of hip

abduction of hip

internal rotation of hip

abduction of hip

hip flexion

internal rotation of hip

abduction of hip

hip flexion

internal rotation of hip

adduction of hip

hip flexion

internal rotation of hip

adduction of hip

hip flexion

hip extension

internal rotation of hip

adduction of hip

hip flexion

internal rotation of hip

adduction of hip

hip extension

external rotation of hip

abduction of hip

adduction of hip

gastrocnemius

peroneus longus

flexor digitorum longus

soleus

peroneus brevis

flexor hallucis longus

plantaris

tibialis posterior

extensor digitorum longus

extensor hallucis longus

tibialis anterior

peroneus tertius

supination - inversion and adduction

tibialis posterior

flexor digitorum longus

tibialis anterior

extensor hallucis longus

flexor hallucis longus

plantaris

pronation - eversion and abduction

peroneus longus

extensor digitorum longus

peroneus brevis

peroneus tertius

-hamstring( semimembranosus, semitendinosus, bices femoris)

-gracilis

-gastrocnemius

-sartorius(longest muscle)

-popliteal

-plantaris

quadriceps : vastus medialis

vastus lateralis

vastus intermedius

rectus femoris

sartorius

iliopsoas

adductor longus

rectus femoris

tensor fascia latae

adductor brevis

pectineus

adductor magnus

semimembranosus

gluteus maximus

semitendinosus

adductor magnus

biceps femoris

semitendinosus

pectineus

tensor fascia latae

adductor magnus

semimembranosus

gluteus medius

adductor longus

gracilis

gluteus minimus

adductor brevis

sartorius

iliopsoas

biceps femoris

gluteus maximus

6 deep outward rotators

gracilis

adductor longus

pectineus

adductor brevis

gluteus maximus

adductor magnus

sartorius

gluteus minimus

gluteus maximus

tensor fascia latae

gluteus medius