Term
| benefits of group living in nonhuman primates |
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Definition
| avoidance of predators improved foraging efficiency protection against coercion/ infanticide |
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Term
| costs of group living in nonhuman primates |
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Definition
attraction of predators
increased feeding competition |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the process affecting animals from the time of the death until the discovery of their fossils |
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Term
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Definition
water better than land
closer to volcanoes
large better than small
hard bone better than soft bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| study of the distribution of strata |
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Term
| cross-cutting relationships |
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Definition
| features exist before another feature can cut across it |
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Term
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Definition
older fossils on bottom
predictable sequences
presence of index fossils |
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Term
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Definition
dating by comparison
"older than" or "younger than" |
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Term
| calibrated relative dating |
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Definition
| techniques dated to an absolute chronology |
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Term
| chronometric dating techniques (absolute dating) |
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Definition
| using a natural clock to calculate an absolute data |
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Term
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Definition
chemical properties
can be linked across geographic locations
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Term
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Definition
| layers of volcanic ash and glass |
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Term
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Definition
| sites of fauna of known dates |
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Term
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Definition
nitrogen-containing amino acids break down as the bone fossilizes.
amount of nitrogen indicates relative age |
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Term
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Definition
14-C to 12-C
once-living carbon based objects
300 to 500,000 years ago
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Term
|
Definition
40-K to 40-Ar
volcanic ash (tuff) and igneous rocks
oldest rocks to less than 100,000
[for fossils bracketed by tuffs] |
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Term
|
Definition
40-Ar to 39-Ar
volcanic ash and igneous rocks
high precision from 100,000 to 10 mya
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Term
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Definition
238-U or 235-U through several steps
230-T-234-U is most widely used
present in nearly all natural materials, many types of minerals, shells of aquatic animals
highly accurate in past 30,000 years
up to about 1,000,000 years ago
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Term
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Definition
measures side effects of fission of 238-U
pottery and obsidian tools
about 10,000 to 10,000,000 years |
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Term
| electronic trap techniques |
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Definition
chronometric dating
don't rely on radioactive decay
measure accumulation of electrons trapped in crystal lattice of specimen
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Term
|
Definition
sediments are heated; light emitted by thermal activation is a measure of the electrons released and therefore the age can be known
pottery, glass, shell, bones, and flint heated by fires
100 to 100,000 years |
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Term
| electronic spin resonance |
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Definition
measures the absorption of microwave radiation
tooth enamel, calcite in cave deposits, fossil shells, and coral
a few thousand years to 300,000 years |
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Term
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Definition
18-O is heavier, 16-O
high ratio of 18-O/16-O indicates cold and low sea levels
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Term
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Definition
| reconstruct climate and environment; three different types of photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Superorder Archonta is made up of... |
|
Definition
Scandentia
Dermoptera
Chiroptera |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
warm, moist
faunal turnover
extinction of dinosaurs and
75% of plant and animal life |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 1.6 million – 10,000 years ago |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bones absorb fluorine from surronding groundwater; combines with calcium
amount of fluoroapatite indicates relative age |
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Term
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Definition
poles reverse.
polarity recorded in iron-containing particles
a series of layers at a site could be associated with known polarities |
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Term
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Definition
| time determined by ratio of daughter to parent atoms |
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Term
| actions that set the clock to zero |
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Definition
superheating associated with volcanic activity
burial in the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of years passing before half of the radioactive isotope has decayed |
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Term
|
Definition
cooler
vegetation changes
diversification of mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
large eyes (nocturnal)
long tarsal bones
similar maxilla |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
no dimorphism
rather small testes |
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Term
|
Definition
weak dimorphism
large testes |
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Term
|
Definition
some dimorphism
large testes |
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