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| The innermost layer of Earth located beneath the mantle. This portion of the Earth is divided into an inner and outer section |
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| The first layer of the solar atmosphere found directly about the photosphere |
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| The region of the Sun that radiates energy to space; visible surface of the Sun |
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| The outer weak layer of the solar atmosphere |
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| The way the Sun produces energy by combining less massive nuclei into more massive nuclei, releases tremendous amounts of energy |
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| Streams of protons and electrons ejected at high speed from the solar corona |
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| A sudden and tremendous eruption in the solar chromosphere |
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| A space between two objects |
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| An aurora occuring in the northern regions of the Earth caused by solar radiation interacting with the upper atmosphere in the region of the poles |
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| The transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance. Can only take place in fluids (and gases because they behave like fluids) |
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| A dark spot on the sun, which is cool by contrast to the surrounding photosphere |
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| A concentration of gases above the solar surface that appears as a bright archlike structure |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation |
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| Energy transmitted through space in the form of electromagnetic waves |
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| The arrangement of electromagnetic radiation according to wavelength |
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| Refers to the invisible radiation wavelengths |
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| Wavelength on the electromagnetic spectrum that is commonly emitted by moderately heated surfaces |
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| Degree of the brightness of a celestial body based on a numerical scale with a lower numeral representing a brighter celestial body |
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| The distance light travels in a year approximating to 9.5 trillion kilometers |
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| A plot of stars according to their absolute magnitudes and temperatures |
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| A star that falls into the main sequence category on the H-R diagram. This category contains the majority of stars and runs diagonally from the upper left to the lower right on the H-R diagram |
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| The life length of a celestial body |
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| An exploding star that increases in brightness many thousands of times |
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| A massive star that has collapsed to such a small volume that its gravity prevents the escape of everything, including light |
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| All matter and energy, including the earth, the galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space, regarded as a whole |
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| A group of stars, dust, and gases held together by gravity |
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| The apparent change in frequency of electromagnetic or sound waves caused by the relative motion of the source and the observer |
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| The theory that proposes that the universe originated as a single mass which subsequently exploded |
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| A law that states that the galaxies are retreating from the Milky Way at a speed that is proportional to their distance |
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| A small packet of light energy |
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