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| A quantum field theory of the strong force that explains the interaction between particles with color charge, such as quarks and gluons. In quantum chromodynamics, particles interact through the strong force by exchanging gluons, which are the carriers of the strong force (much as photons are the carriers of the electromagnetic force in quantum electrodynamics). The theory is particularly important in theories of the atomic nucleus, whose nucleons are composed of quarks. |
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| Discuss why quantum chronodynamics is needed. |
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Definition
1. Fermions must have different quantum numbers.
2. A proton/neutron must have an extra quantum numbers.
3. Thus quarks must have an extra quantum number. |
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| the concept that there is an unseen gravity source in the universe |
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| the interval of time that is so short it cannont be measured |
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| a region in the direction of virgo that seems to be gravitatinally pulling galaxies toward it |
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| A physical theory that combines the treatment of two or more types of fields in order to deduce previously unrecognized interrelationships, especially such a theory unifying the theories of nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravitational forces. |
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| the first identified gravitationally lensed object. |
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| universe has mre than 4 dimensions |
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| small particle needed to define hadron |
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| some of the extra dimensions hit eachother and create a sting |
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| Give the hubble turning fork diagram why is it wrong |
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Definition
| As we look at high Red shift galaxies we find the ratio of EtoS to be about the same as those that are close |
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| Compare the quark types to the electro-weak types. What did it explain? |
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Definition
e up
u down
T strange
Vu charm
Vd bottom
Vt top
Since there are three neutrino types that can oscillate it explains the 1/3 result of the Cl-Ar experiment. |
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| the concept of several versions of a particle existing |
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| For the case of 1/2, -1/2 and 5/2 spins show how many particles each could produce. |
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Definition
1/2, -1/2 = 2
1, 0, -1 = 3
3/2, 1/2, -1/2, -3/2 = 4 |
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| Why quarks had to be invented? |
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Definition
-too many hadrons
-6 leptons
-pion mass |
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| List the types of galaxy, show their symbol and draw a rough diagram. |
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Definition
spiral SA - SC
barred spiral SBa - SBc
elliptical E1 - E7
irregular Irr1 - Irr2 |
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| universe expands until it collapses into one point and creates another big bang |
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| a background radiations that is seen all across the universe and proves the hot big bang theory |
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| shows the universe is not uniform which suggest extra dimensions |
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| very luminous variable stars. The strong direct relationship between a Cepheid variable's luminosity and pulsation period,secures for Cepheids their status as important standard candles for establishing the Galactic and extra galactic distance scales |
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| is the measure of a celestial object's intrinsic brightness. It is also the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 10 parsecs away from Earth. |
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| is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines. |
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