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| (1) Each planet moves around the Sun in an orbit that is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus; (2) Each planet moves so that an imaginary line joining the Sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times; (3) The squares of the periods of time required for any two planets to complete a trip around the Sun have the same ratio as the cubes of their average distances |
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| (1) a body stays in a state of rest or uniform motion unless an outside force acts on it; (2) The net force, F, on a body is equal to its mass; (3) Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first body |
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| farthest away from the sun |
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| the point of the moon's orbit farthest from Earth |
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| the brightness of a sky object as seen from Earth |
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| popular unofficial star patters |
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| a region from 2.0 to 3.33 AU away, between the orbits of mars and jupiter |
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| minor planets, or irregularly shaped bodies of rock or metal |
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| About 9/23; Sun's position as it crosses the celestial equator going South. day/night the same |
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| the second full moon in a month |
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| the projection of Earth's equator out to the sky |
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| the great circle on the celestial sphere 90 degrees from your zenith |
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| the circle passing through the zenith and the north and south points on the horizon |
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| a fictitious picture of the sky |
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| circumpolar constellations |
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| constellations that do not rise or set |
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| stars that form recognizable patterns in the sky |
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| the planets circle around a stationary central Sun |
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| International Astronomical Union |
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| daily motion/ diurnal circles |
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| the rotation of the celestial sky |
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| angular distance above or below the celestial equator |
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| First to prove the Earth is round |
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| orbits the sun; has sufficient mass/gravity to be nearly round but not t clear its neighborhood, and is not a satellite |
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| Figured out the size of Earth's diameter |
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| The earth and planets revolve around the sun; only theory to get right |
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| the path of the Sun against the background stars |
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| a closed curve for which the sum of the distances from any point on the curve to two fixed points (foci) inside is a constant |
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| how tightly molecules are put together |
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| a point of time selected as a fixed reference |
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| the point between Earth and Sun |
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| the point between Earth and Sun |
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| The planets whose orbits are closer to the Sun than Earth's |
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| Any two objects of masses m(1) and m(2) separated from each other by a distance attract each other with a force called gravity, that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the sqaures of their distance away from each other |
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| When the moon in its orbit is closest to Earth |
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| the length of time for a celestial body to go around its orbit once |
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| the length of time required for a celestial body to turn around on its axis once |
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| a body that orbits the Sun and has sufficient mass/gravity to be nearly round and to clear the region around its orbit. |
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| the slow motion of Earth's axis, caused mainly by the tug of the gravity of the Sun and Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge |
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| the apparent backward swing plus resumed forward motion |
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| the motion in which the planets seem to reverse and move westward |
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| distance measured going eastward from vernal equinox |
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| any body in orbit around a larger parent body |
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| measure the time interval of Earth's rotation using the stars for reference |
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| the time for the moon to complete one trip around Earth with respect to the stars (about 27.3 days) |
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| sidereal revolution period |
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| the length of time for a celestial body to go around its orbit, as measured by stars |
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| is the length of one sidereal day on the planet |
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| measure the time interval of Earth's rotation using the sun as reference |
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| says the solar system formed out of an eastward rotating interstellar cloud about 5 billion years ago. |
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| includes the Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it |
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| Longest day of the year; June 21 |
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| the point on the far side of the Sun from earth |
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| Those Planets whose orbits are outside Earth's |
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| the mean time required for the Moon's phases to repeat |
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| synodic revolution period |
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| the planet's orbital period as seen from Earth |
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| three celestial bodies in a line, Sun-Moon-earth |
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| true for all objects everywhere in the universe |
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| occurs about 3/20; the Sun's position as it crosses the celestial equator going North. day and night are equal in length |
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| shortest day of the year; December 21 |
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| the point on the celestial sphere above your head |
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| a 16 degree band across the sky that is centered on the ecliptic |
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