Term
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Definition
| Vast amounts of liquid water, ability to sustain intelligent life. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 Types of Seismic Waves Studied from Earthquakes: |
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Definition
Pressure/ P waves: travel through liquid or solids.
Shear/ S waves: cannot propgate liquids or gases due to lack of lateral restoring foreces. |
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Term
| How Fast to Seismic Waves Travel? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Layers of Earth and their densities: |
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Definition
1)crust, 3.3gm/cc (metals/ silicates= basalt)
2)semi solid mantle 3.5-5.5 gm/cc (olivine Fe oxides)
3)liquid outer core 9-11 gm/cc (molten Fe)
$)solid inner core 17 gm/cc (Fe, Ni) |
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Term
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Definition
| 6200K, and lighter densities are on top. |
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Term
| Percentage of earth to water on Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we know that the continents on earth are moving? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dry Land of Earth is composed of: |
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Definition
Igneous Rock: Formed from molten material, basalt granite.
Sedimentary Rok- minterals cemented by pressure, sandstone and limestone.
Metamorphic Rock- Igneous or sedimentary rock that is subjected to high temp and press. such as marble. |
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Term
| What is Earths Crust Shaped by? |
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Definition
1) impact cratering
2)erosion
3)thermal tectonic activity |
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Term
| How many crustal plates and how fast are they moving on earth? |
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Definition
| 12, few cm per 100 years. |
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Term
| 4 types of boundaries between plates: |
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Definition
1) mid-ocean ridge
2)sliding plates
3) ocean trench
4)mountains |
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Term
| Young mountains vs. Old mountains |
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Definition
| Sharp and irregular vs low and rounded. |
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Term
| 7 stages of earths Atmospheric Evolution: |
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Definition
1)proto-atmosphere phase: thick and rich in light elements
2)early atmosphere phase: orignal lost, due to heating, and gravity
3)secondary atomsphere phase: Atmosphere rich from outgassing ( H20, C02, N2, SO2)
4)cooling phase: H20 rained out of atmosphere
5) photodisintegration: extra water vapor converting into h2 and CO2
6) Carbonate Rock fromation: H2- and Co2 reat in the oceans to become carbonate rocks and O2
7)life: Turns co2 into O2. |
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Term
| What is Earth Atmosphere today? |
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Definition
| 78% N2, 21%O2, 1% Ar, and trace amonts of H20, CO2, Ne, Xe. |
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Term
| Why does the Earth have strong mag field? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is earths magnetic field distorted? |
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Definition
| Solar Wind (prtons and electrons) |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic mirror that traps high energy particles headed for the earth and sends them to the poles, when they interact with the atmosphere you get aurora. |
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Term
| Size and Distance of Moon and rotation period: |
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Definition
| 384,403km from earth, 3476 km in diameter, revoltuion around earth takes 27 days, 7 hours, 43 min. |
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Term
| Ration of mass of Moon/Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3.37 g/cm^3 (similar to the crust of the earth, basaltic sillicates) |
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Term
| Surface and Albedo of Moon, and gravity vs earths? |
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Definition
| Grey/tan with albedo of .07, and 1/6th of the gravity. |
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Term
| 3 major features on the moon? |
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Definition
| 1)craters 2) highlands 3) Maria |
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Term
| Erosion on world (moon) with no atmosphere caused by? |
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Definition
1) slumping (gravity)
2)other impacts
3)temp changes
4)moonquakes |
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Term
| Soil age on Maria Vs. Highland |
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Definition
| Newer, older. and respectively 4x10^9/4.6x109 |
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Term
| How long has the moon been geologically dead? how do you know? |
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Definition
| 3.5 bill years. No rocks younger have been found. |
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Term
| 4 periods in the geological history of the moon: |
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Definition
>cooled and solidified 4.4 bill years ago
>between 4.4-4.2 bill years, heavy bombardment (<10km in size)
>3.9 bill years, moon is tidally locked, and more bombardment (>100km in size) and created maria, and cracks and fissures. |
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Term
| Possibilities for lunar origin: 3) |
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Definition
1) part of earth, not likely due to elements
2) formed near mars.
3)fissioned from earth mantle. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Greatest elongation of mercury: |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| 5.4 g/cc, implies dense iron core, probably solid, due to low mass, and cooling. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2/3, tidally locked with mars. Rotation=58.6 and Orbital period= 87.9 days. |
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Term
| Range of Temp's on Mercury: |
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Definition
| 100k-700k! This is due to the lack of any significant atmosphere. |
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Term
| Surface Features of Mercury: |
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Definition
| Heavily cratered, very few maria (cooled faster than the moon), cratering is less heavy, more plain region between craters due to higher surface gravity on mercury (debris doesn't fly far) |
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Term
| Equation for Surface Gravity: |
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Definition
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Term
| Magnetic Field on Mercury? |
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Definition
| Strong, Iron in core, stayed molten for a long time. |
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Term
| Venus is a morning star and evening star: what were the two planets it was once thot to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is Venus Called the Twin Planet? |
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Definition
| 1) similar radius/ size 2)similar mass 3)similar density 4)has an atmosphere |
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Term
| Temp of Venus, what is atmosphere made up of? |
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Definition
| 800 F, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| 97% Co2, 2% N2, less than 1% everything else, Lots of sulfuric acid in lower atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure=Avagados constant times the botlzmann constant times the density times the temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| relating the pressure density and temp of 2 planets. |
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Term
| What is the 890 degrees F on Venus Caused By |
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Definition
| Runaway Greenhouse effect with CO2 |
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Term
| What are some of the effects of an enhanced Greenhouse effect? |
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Definition
1)global warming, 3-5 C by 2050
2)increased cloud cover
3)increased hurricane strengths.
4)rise in seal level by 1 to 2 m over nxt 50 years
5)increased growing season at northern latitudes. |
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Term
| Venusian Surface Features: |
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Definition
1)Craters 2) Volcanos 3)Fault Lines 4) Arachnoids (upwelling of magma from interior of planet creaing oval concentric rings.)
Evidence of Erosion! |
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Term
| Notable Surface Features on Mars: |
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Definition
1) Valleys and Canyons (Valles Marineris canyon System)
2)Landslides
3)Islands (caused by tremendous water flow)
4)Outflows (caused by rapid running of water, when unfrozen)
5)Polar Caps (CO2 Ice) |
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Term
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Definition
| Phobos and Deimos (Fear and Panic) they are captured astroids. |
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Term
| Other Surface Features on Mars: |
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Definition
1)Craters with heavy erosion due to atmosphere
2) Featureless terrain (not Maria)
3)Chaotic terrain: highlands and broken hills, old tectonic regions.
4) Volcanos (Olympus Mons) |
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Term
| Mass1/Mass2=Vol1/Vol2=(height1/height2)^3 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Locked up as Permafrost, subsurface ice reservoirs. |
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Term
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Definition
1% of the mass of Earth's.
95%C02, 3%N2, 2%Ar, less than 1%O2, high noble gas content! (thicker in past) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rich in Si and Fe, Fe oxide (rust) gives red color. |
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Term
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Definition
Noachian Era: first billion years, active periods of warm and wet environment, erupting volcanoes, and tectonic activity.
Hesperian Era: lasted next 500mil to 1.5 bill years, activity slowing down, plunging temps, water pooled underground caused catastrophic floods when heated (1000 Mississippi river)
Amazonian era: current age, began 2-3 bill years ago, extremely thin atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Warm Wet past, with thicker atmosphere |
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Term
| Mars Global Surveyor Mission: |
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Definition
| Surveyed and took lots of pics, measurements, plotted the terrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using a gamma ra spectrometer to seach fro large quantities of frozen water, detailed maps of minerals in rocks and soils, cooling and heating (infrared camera) |
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Term
| Galilean Satellites Properties: |
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Definition
1) all orbit Jupiter
2) they all are tidally locked to Jupiter
3) they all have radii larger than our Moon
4) the inner moons have densities higher than outer moons (implies that Jupiter was much warmer in the past, such that the moons formed near Jupiter have less of the volatile elements such as CO2 and H2O) |
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Term
| Mean Densities in order of distance of the Gallilean Satellites: |
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Definition
Io: 3.4 (rock/ silicates)
Europa: 3.1 (rock/ silicates)
Ganymede: 1.9 (ice and rock)
Callisto: 1.8 (ice and rock) |
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Term
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Definition
-143 C surface temp
Thin patchy atmosphere of SO2
Active plumes (not volcanos), molten SO2
Youngest Surface (no craters) |
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Term
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Definition
Icy world, high Albedo.
Smooth surface/young and renewing
Large cracks that show ice plate tectonics
Surface is Dirty Ice Field |
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Term
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Definition
4/3pi(R1^3-R2^3)
R1 is less than R2 |
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Term
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Definition
Much less then two planets that are closer.
Very diversified surface, hinting to very active past.
Low Density=Ice Mantle 1000km thick
Ghost Craters that are smoothed by ice flow
Thin Oxygen atmosphere, with aurora's |
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Term
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Definition
Farthest of Gallilean Satelites
Similar to Ganymede, but 10 times the craterings
Less tectonic activity, and cooler interior
Craters destroyed landscape |
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Term
| What is Titan's Atmosphere Made of? |
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Definition
| Methane (found using spectroscopy) |
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Term
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Definition
1.4 times as heavy as earths, organic molecules.
Made of 90% N2, 7% CH4, 2% Ar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What si the triple point of methane caused by on Titan |
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Definition
| Correct temp and pressure. |
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Term
| what determines if a planet keeps a certain molecule? |
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Definition
| Escape Velocity, and Temp |
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Term
| What are the outgassing percentages of the heavy molecules? |
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Definition
58% H20
23%CO2
13% SO2
5% N2 |
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Term
| Temp Change as a result of greenhouse gasses on Mars, Earth, Venus: |
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Definition
Mars: +5 degrees
Earth: +35 degrees
Venus: +500 degrees |
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Term
| What is the composition of a secondary atmosphere dependent on? (5) |
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Definition
1)distance from sun (temp)
2)Mass and Radius of Planet (surface gravity)
3)Chemical Reactions (molecules can be created or destoryed.
4)Geological activity= amount of outgassing (more=thicker)
5)Living organisms: waste products. |
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Term
| Amount of heat stored in planets interior comes from what two sources? |
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Definition
1)energy of formation of the planet
2)heat generated by the decay of radioactive elements. |
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Term
| Equation Relating Mass to Density and Volume: |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it impossible for there to be a solid magnet creating the magnetic field on earth? |
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Definition
1) Temp exceeds the Cure Temp.
2) The Field is constantly variable. |
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Term
| What Does the Existence of a Magnetic Field Tell us About a Planet? |
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Definition
1)large liquid core
2)Rich in Metals (free moving electrons)
3)Planet Has a High Rotation Rate |
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Term
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Definition
| A magnetic field that is generated by a conductive fluid in motion. |
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Term
| What is Chemical Fractionation? |
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Definition
| When gravity causes heavier elements sink towards the core. (if the planet is small and cools before this can complete, it will not finish the process) |
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Term
| Fast Cooling Rate Results in What Size Crust? |
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Definition
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Term
| For Major Terrestrial Worlds Crust Thickness is directly proportional to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Percentage of the total diameter, that the crust makes up on Earth/Venus, Mars, and the Moon? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Strength of a planets magnetic field determined by? |
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Definition
Size of Core
Rotation of Planet |
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Term
| Why are the inner Gallilean Satellites composed of primary rocky materials while the outer ones are not? |
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Definition
| Outgassing has drained the majority of of their icy materials, where the outer ones have had no outgassing and retain a warm core with a thick ice water mantle. |
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Term
| Larger and thinner the core? |
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Definition
| The more tectonic activity! |
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