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| Among the 5 terrestrial bodies we discussed (MVEM & moon), only ___ and ___ have dense atmospheres |
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| An atmosphere, composed mainly of hydrogen and helium, that forms at the same time as its host planet |
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| An atmosphere that formed--as a result of volcanism, comet impacts, or accretion--sometimes after its host planet formed |
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| Primary atmospheres consist of ___ |
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| Stronger __ caused__ to retain its atmosphere more effectively then __ |
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Definition
surface gravity;
Venus;
Mars |
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| Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect |
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Definition
| A warming of planetary surfaces produced by atmospheric gases that transmit optical solar radiation that partially trap infrared radiation |
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| Conventional Greenhouse Effect |
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Definition
| The solar heating of air in an enclosed space, such as closed building or car, resulting primarily from the inability of the hot air to escape. |
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| One of a group of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide that are transparent to visible radiation but absorb infrared radiation |
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| The fraction of light on a surface that is reflected by the surface |
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| Without the __ Earth would freeze |
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| Scientists ofetn use the bar as a unit of pressure equal to the average atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth. |
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| The convection-dominated layer of a planet's atmosphere. On Earth, the atmosphere region closest to the ground within which most weather phenomena take place |
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| The atmospheric layer immediately above the troposphere. On earth it extends upward to an altidtude of 50 km |
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| The layer of Earth's atmosphere immediately above the tratosphere, extending from an altitude of 50 km to about 90 km |
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| The layer of Earth's atmosphere at altitudes greater then 90 km, above the mesosphere. Near its top, at an altitude of 600 km, the temp can reach 1000 k |
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Definition
| The stream of charged particles emitted by the sun that flows at high speeds through interplanetary space |
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Definition
| A gas that is composed largely of charged particles that also may include some neutral atoms |
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| A layer high in Earth's atmosphere in which most of the atoms are ionized by solar radiation |
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Definition
| The region surrounding a planet that is filled with relatively intense magnetic fields and plasmas |
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Definition
| Emissions in the upper atmosphere of a planet from atoms that have been excited by collisions with energetic particles from the planet's magnetosphere |
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| Earth's magnetic field traps __ from the sun |
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Definition
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| A simplified and therefore uncommon, atmospheric global circulation that carries thermal energy directly from the equator to the polar regions of a planet. |
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| The apparent displacement of objects in a direction perpendicular to their true motion as viewed from a rotating frame of reference. On a rotating planet, different latitudes rotating at different speeds cause this effect |
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Definition
| The planet-wide circulation of air that moves in directions parallel to the Earth's equator |
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| The overall planet-wide circulation pattern of a planets atmosphere |
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| The rotation of a weather system resulting from the Coriolis Effect as air moves toward a region of low atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
| The rotation of a weather system resulting from the Coriolis Effect as air moves outward from a region of high atmospheric pressure |
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| ___ heating creates our weather |
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Definition
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| __, together with the __, causes east-west zonal winds |
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Definition
Nonuniform heating;
Coriolis effect |
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Term
| With its massive carbon dioxide atmosphere, __ is a "poster child" for the greenhouse effect |
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Definition
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| The surface of __ is cold and the air is thin |
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Definition
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| Seasonal changes affect __ more on Mars than on Earth |
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Definition
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Definition
| The state of an atmosphere at any given time and place |
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Definition
| The state of an atmosphere averaged over an extended time |
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| New planets formed ___ by sweeping up gas-mainly hydrogen and helium- in the accretion disk. |
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Definition
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Term
All terrestrial bodies lost their primary atmospheres because of __.
Heating by the sun caused __ to escape. |
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Definition
thermal eescape;
molecules |
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Term
Thermal Escape of gases:
-molecules have range of speed, not just one set speed. range of speeds depends on __ and __ |
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Definition
temperature;
mass of molecule |
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Term
Thermal Escape of gases:
Molecules with V > V-esc can theoretically escape:
1.)must be moving __, not __
2.)must be in __ part of atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
MASS OF MOLECULES:
-light molecules:
-medium-mass molecules:
-heavy molecules: |
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Definition
-hydrogen, helium atoms
-methane, ammonia
-nitrogen,oxygen,carbon dioxide |
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Thermal escape of gases:
-Average molecular speed depends on __ and __ |
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Definition
| mass of molecule and temperature |
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Definition
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| Average thermal speed= (formula) |
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Definition
V= sq. root of 3kT/m
m is particle mass |
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Term
| The temperature of a planet is determined by a balance between: |
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Definition
| the amount of sunlight being absorbed and the amount of energy being radiated back into space |
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Term
Equilibrium temperature of a planet:
-balance between __ input in form of sunlight and __ sent into space. |
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Definition
| energy, thermal radiation |
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Term
| Fraction of energy A(for albedo or "whiteness") is reflected back into space; only fraction ___ is absorbed |
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Definition
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Term
__(planet) has the highest albedo
__(planet) has the lowest albedo |
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Definition
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Term
Atmospheric greenhouse effect:
-visible light passes through __
-visible light is __ by the ground and emits thermal radiation in __
-greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit inrared radiation, thereby heating the ___ atmosphere |
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Definition
atmosphere
absorbed
infrared
lower |
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Term
| Greenhouse gases include: |
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Definition
water vapor (H2O)
carbon dioxide (CO2)
methane (CH4)
nitrous oxide (N2O)
ozone (O3) |
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Term
| Greenhouse effect warms __, __, & __(planets) |
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Definition
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Term
GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
-on venus:
-on earth:
-on mars: |
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Definition
-strong on venus
-moderate on earth
-weak on mars |
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Term
| secondary atmospheres of terrestrials were acquired later by: |
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Definition
-volcanism(releasing gases from interior)
-comet impacts depositing volatiles, including water |
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| __ and __ have basically no atmosphere--lost to thermal escape |
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Definition
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__,__,and __ were able to retain significant secondary atmospheres.
-similar geologic history
-should have had similar secondary atmospheres |
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Definition
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| __ and __ have mainly C02 in their atmospheres and __ has mainly N2 and O2 |
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Definition
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In the Troposphere, temp, and pressure __ with altitude
wether takes place here, so water __ is here. |
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In the Stratosphere, temp. __ with altitude.
__ absorbs light, heats stratosphere |
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Definition
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In the thermosphere, ___ and __ can ionize atoms
__ is the flow of particles from the sun |
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Definition
ultraviolet radiation and solar wind;
solar wind |
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Term
Dynamo Mechanism:
electric charge moving via __ in a spinning molton iron core acts like an electromagnet |
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Definition
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Term
__ has a magnetic field
__, __, and __ do not.
__ has a weak magnetic field (instead of none) |
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Definition
earth does.
venus, mars, and moon do not.
mercury has a weak one. |
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Term
| __, __, and nuclei streaming from the sun are included in solar wind |
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Definition
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| Particles from the __ collide with ___________. this creates auroras. |
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Definition
| solar wind; particles in the atmosphere |
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Term
WINDS;
-expect winds to be directed across __
-contours of equal pressure on weather map= |
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Definition
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winds flow__ around lows
winds flow__ around highs
winds flow roughly parallel to __ |
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Definition
| counterclockwise; clockwise; isobars |
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| Global winds carry heat from hot to cool regions= |
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Definition
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| The ___, due to rotation, breaks the wind circulation into zonal winds |
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Definition
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Term
Venus:
__(temp),__ atmosphere |
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Definition
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| On venus, __ and __ is uniform over the entire surface |
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Definition
| atmosphere temp and pressure |
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Term
Mars:
__(temp), __ atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| On ___(planet), strong winds cause global dust storms, sometimes hiding most of the planet |
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Definition
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