Term
In astronomical units how far is the Earth from the sun?
A: .5
B: 1
C: 1.5 |
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Definition
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Term
List the following objects in correct size from smallest to largest?
Earth, Galaxy, solar system, Sun |
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Definition
1. Earth
2. Sun
3. Solar System
4. Galaxy
CH 1: 4 |
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Term
In ancient times, people distinguished the planets from the stars because...
A: planets appear much brighter than any star
B: Features on planets' surfaces could be seen whereas no star's features could be seen
C: Planets move relative to the stars
D: Planets differ in color from the stars
E: Planets can be seen during the day |
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Definition
C: planets move relative to the stars
Ch 1: 6 |
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Term
It is _____ to observe Jupiter in the sky throughout the entire night from a point on the Earth's surface.
A: Sometimes possible
B: Always possible
C: Never possible |
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Definition
A: Sometimes Possible
Ch 2: 4 |
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Term
According to Kepler's laws, a planet moves
A: at a constant speed though its orbit
B: fastest when nearest the Sun
C: fastest when farthest from the Sun
D: Non of the above |
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Definition
B: Faster when nearest the Sun
Ch 2: 15 |
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Term
If the Earth were in an orbit closer to the Sun the
A: day would be longer
B: day would be shorter
C: year would be longer
D: year would be shorter
E: Two of the above are correct |
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Definition
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Term
The gravitational attraction between an object and the Earth
A: Stops just beyond the Earth's atmosphere
B: extends to about halfway to the moon
C: extends to about five sixths of the way to the moon
D: extends to infinity |
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Definition
D: extends to infinity
Ch 3: 9 |
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Term
Light waves of greater frequency have
A: shorter wavelength
B: longer wavelength
C: there is no direct connection between frequency and wavelength |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following choices does not have the same fundamental nature as visible light?
A: x-rays
B: sound waves
C: Ultraviolet radiation
D: Infrared waves
E: Radio waves |
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Definition
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Term
According to the Doppler effect,
A: Sound gets louder as its source approaches and softer as it recedes
B: sound gets higher and higher in pitch as its source approaches and lower and lower as its source recedes
C: sound is of a constant higher pitch as its source approaches and a constant lower pitch as its source recedes
D: Both A and B
E: Both A and C |
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Definition
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Term
We can determine the elements in the atmosphere of a star by examining
A: its color
B: its absorption spectrum
C:the frequency at which it emits the most energy
D: its temperature
E: its motion relative to us |
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Definition
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Term
Sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum. How then, do radio waves travel through interstellar space?
A: They are extra-powerful sound waves
B: they are very high frequency sound waves
C: Radio waves are not sound waves at all
D: Trick questions - radio waves do not travel in space
E: Interstellar space is not a vacuum |
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Definition
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Term
In the Bohr Model of the atom, light is emitted from an atom when
A: an electron moves from an inner to an outer orbit
B: an atom gains energy
C: an election moves from an outer to an inner orbit
D: one element reacts with another
E: Both A and B |
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Definition
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Term
The emission spectrum produced by the excited atoms of an element contains wavelengths that are
A: The same for all elements
B: Characteristic of the particular element
C: evenly distributed throughout the entire visible spectrum
D: different from the wavelengths in its absorption spectrum
E: Both A and D |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the evolutionary paths taken by stars of mass larger than 4 solar masses |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the general processes taking place in Type II supernovae |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the differences between Type I and Type II supernovae |
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Definition
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Term
| Relate the discovery of pulsars by J. Bell |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the "lighthouse" model for pulsars |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the properties of neutron stars and black holes |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare the luminosity of Type II supernova to that of a massive main sequence star |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a nova and how does it differ from a supernova? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the origin of the tremendous energy released by pulsars? |
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Definition
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Term
| When astronomers were looking for pulsars in supernova remnants they automatically searched the Crab nebula for it is the result of a recent supernova. If the lighthouse model is correct, why was it unlikely, and therefore lucky, that we were able to find a pulsar there? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Schwarzschild radius is not the radius of the matter that makes up the black hole. Of what is it the radius? |
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Definition
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Term
| How great is the Schwarzschild radius of a black hole of 2 solar masses? |
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Definition
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Term
| [From an "advancing the Model" box"] list some misconceptions about black holes that are found in science fiction. |
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Definition
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Term
| From an observational perspective (spectrum and light curve measurements), how can an astronomer distinguish between a Type I and a Type II supernova? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was it thought to be unlikely that a neutron star would ever be discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why were the first pulsars labeled LGM (Little Green Men?) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some tests of the lighthouse model for pulsars? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are gamma-ray bursts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Relate that, with few exceptions, every naked-eye object in our sky is part of the Galaxy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw a sketch of the Galaxy, label its parts, and place the Sun in its proper position. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name and distinguish between the two types of star clusters. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the four components of the Galaxy and label them on a sketch of our Galaxy |
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Definition
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Term
What is apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude? How do they relate?
Why is it useful to know 2 of these 3 properties for a particular star? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the Doppler Effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship of mass and energy as it pertains to nuclear fusion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hydrostatic equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
What are Kepler's Laws?
(there are 3) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the differences between sound waves and light waves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Stellar Parallax? How has it affected our current understanding of the Solar System? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you find the star's distance (in parsecs)if given the apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between distance and parallax angle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the parallax equation and the 3 forms of the magnitude-distance equation will be given to you? |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish between observed brightness and actual luminosity |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the apparent magnitude scale and the approximate magnitude limit of naked eye visibility |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw a diagram illustrating a parallax angle |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how stellar parallax works and what we use it for? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calculate the distance to star given its parallax angle and vice versa |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the term "absolute magnitude" |
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Definition
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Term
| Calculate difference in energy received from stars of different magnitudes |
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Definition
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Term
| Calculate either d, m or M using the distance modulus equation (given the other two). |
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Definition
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Term
| Given an HR diagram, identify the direction of increasing temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sketch the HR diagram, with axis and region labels. You should know along which direction each axis in increasing. You should know the general trends of how star radii behave on the diagram. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how luminosity class and temperature of a star can lead to a determination of absolute magnitude. |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between spectroscopic parallax and stellar parallax |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe three different methods and determining the distance to a star |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the benefits and difficulties of three different methods of determining the distance to a star |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between spectral class and luminosity class, and how we determine each for a given star. |
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Definition
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Term
| Look at two spectra and determine which is more likely to be a main sequence star, as in the text. |
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Definition
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Term
| Look at the light curve of a spectroscopic eclipsing binary star system and explain features and their significance as well as calculating estimates of each star's diameter, given their relative speed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe several kinds of multiple star systems and describe how distinctions among them can be determed from observations. These include: optical doubles, visual binaries, spectroscopic binaries and excising binaries |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how a star can be both hot and dim or both cool and bright |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how mass and luminosity relate for stars on the main sequence |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify which kind of binary star systems can allow us to determine the radius of a star |
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Definition
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Term
| describe how Leavitt's observations of the Magellanic Clouds led to astronomers' present ability to use Cepheids to determine distances |
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Definition
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Term
| Define and describe a Cepheid variable star |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how Cepheid variables can be used as distance indicators |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss the difference between mass and weight |
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Definition
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Term
| Make predictions about the behavior of objects moving in a circle under a central force, such as the tension in a string |
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Definition
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Term
| State the law of universal gravitation in words and in mathematical form |
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Definition
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Term
| Relate absorption/emission spectra to the nature of the atom and energy levels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish between absorption/emissions spectra in terms of how they look |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish between absorption/emissions spectra in terms of how they are created |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the Doppler Effect and its use in astronomy |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the properties of giant molecular clouds |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of fluorescence as it pertains to nebulae |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the effect of the dusty component of the ISM (inter stellar medium)on the properties of starlight. (reddening) |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the effect of the gaseous component of the ISM on the properties of starlight. (absorption lines) |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish clearly between interstellar reddening and Doppler Effect red shifting |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe thoroughly the differences between reflection and emission nebulae |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the methods used for detecting interstellar matter |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the process of the collapse of the interstellar clouds |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the evolution of a protostar into a main sequence object |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish thoroughly between the different types of star clusters |
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Definition
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Term
| Interpret the plot of a young cluster on an HR diagram |
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Definition
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Term
| Interpret the evolutionary paths of protostars on a HR diagram as they progress towards the main sequence |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of a brown dwarf |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the CNO cycle in detail, as in the class exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe why a star is stable during the period it "remains" on the main sequence. ("stellar thermostat") |
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Definition
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Term
| Contrast the evolutionary paths and end stages of very low-mass stars with more massive stars with more massive stars |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the helium flash |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of electron degeneracy as it relates to star size (radius) |
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Definition
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Term
| Understand the significance of the "turnoff point" of a star cluster, and relate it to the age of given cluster when presented with an HR diagram of a star cluster |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the death of very low mass stars (when they leave the main sequence) |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe in detail the progression of a main sequence star through the 3 "phases" of red giant, including the various layers within the star, their composition, and whether fusion is occurring |
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Definition
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Term
| Use the stellar lifetime equation to calculate the lifetimes of main sequence stars of varying masses |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify the location of the instability strip on the HR diagram and its significance |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the importance of stellar pulsations for accurately measuring distances to objects far away from us |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the progression of a Sun-sized main sequence star through to a lone white dwarf, and trace this progression on an HR diagram |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the properties of white dwarfs |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the Chandrasekhar limit and its relationship to electron degeneracy pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the difference between a Type I supernova and a nova |
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Definition
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Term
| What energy source provides the high temperature needed to start the fusion of hydrogen in stars? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the difference in nature of and appearance of emission nebulae and dark nebulae |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the difference in nature of and appearance of emission nebulae and reflection nebulae |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do protostars of very very low mass never become main sequence stars? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the steps through which the Sun will proceed after it leaves the main sequence |
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Definition
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Term
| About how large will the Sun become when it reaches the red giant stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a brown dwarf similar to Jupiter? How is it different? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a brown dwarf a star? Explain |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the regulating mechanism(s) in a star like our Sun. |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors influence the lifetime of a star on the main sequence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the lifespan of a star in a very-low mass class? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can it be that a star in its red giant phase is more luminous than at an earlier stage when the surface is cooler and emits less energy per unit area than at the earlier stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how an electron degenerate gas differs in its physical behavior from a normal gas |
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Definition
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Term
| When does the helium flash occur? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the instability strip and why do some pulsate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What role if any do Cepheids and RR Lyrae variables play in distance measurements in astronomy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how a white dwarf in a binary system can undergo a supernova phase |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe the differences between Type I and Type II supernovae. What property of a Type Ia supernovae allows astronomers to use them as tracers of the universe's expansion? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Sun's energy is generated by |
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Definition
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Term
| Sunspots are areas on the Sun that are |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The energy produced in nuclear reactions in the Sun results from |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is a high temperature needed for energy production in the cor of the Sun? |
|
Definition
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Term
| The two forces producing hydrostatic equilibrium in the Sun to determine its size are |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| At any particular level within the Sun, the pressure outward is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary source of energy for the Sun is a series of nuclear reactions which |
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Definition
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Term
| When four hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a helium nucleus, the total mass at the end is _____ the total mass at the beginning |
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Definition
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Term
| Suppose you observe a previously uninvestigated star and find its apparent magnitude. To determine its absolute magnitude, you need to know the star's |
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Definition
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Term
| The absolute magnitude of a star is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which star appears dimmest to an observer on Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Suppose that Star X is twice as far away as Star Y. The parallax angle of X is about |
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Definition
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Term
| The distance to nearby stars can be measured by |
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Definition
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Term
| If a star is 100 light-years away, what is its approximate distance in parsecs? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the temperature of a star increases without a change in the star's size, its point on the HR diagram moves |
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Definition
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Term
| The stars of a binary star system revolve... |
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Definition
revolve around a point somewhere between their centers (but not necessarily midway)
CH 12: 16 |
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Term
| Cepheid variables can be used to find distances because their |
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Definition
Luminosity is related to their period
CH 12: 20 |
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Term
| If a star has a parallax angle of 0.20 arcseconds, how far away is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Spectroscopic parallax allows us to measure |
|
Definition
the distances to stars using the HR diagram
CH 12: 24 |
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Term
|
Definition
a newly forming star
CH 13: 5 |
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Term
| HR diagrams of young star clusters show |
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Definition
That low-mass stars have not yet reached the main sequence
CH 13: 6 |
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Term
| What is the primary difference between a star and a planet as each forms? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements is true?
A: Less massive protostars spend a longer time in the protostar stage than do more massive stars
B: Protostars are surrounded by cocoons of gas and dust
C: Protostars radiate mainly in the infrared
D: ALL |
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Definition
All the above are true
CH 13: 8 |
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Term
| Prior to reaching the main sequence, a star's energy comes from |
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Definition
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Term
| As a star is forming by the condensation of gases, the gases |
|
Definition
Heat up as they fall
CH 13: 11 |
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Term
| A star is considered to begin its main sequence life when |
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Definition
Nuclear reactions start
CH 13: 12 |
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Term
| Clusters help us learn about the evolution of stars because stars in a cluster |
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Definition
Are all about the same age
CH 13: 16 |
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Term
| The HR Diagram for a single star cluster is different from the usual HR diagram because all stars in the cluster have the same ___. |
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Definition
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