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Definition
| Based on empirically-validated relationships between test results and target criteria and make use of a regression equation, multiple regression equation, or similar technique. |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on the decision-maker's intuition, experience, and knowledge. |
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Term
| Aging and Intelligence (regarding processing speed) |
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Definition
| Increasing age is associated with a decrease in speed of information processing as well as declines in fluid (vs. crystallized) intelligence. |
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Term
| Americans With Disabilities Act |
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Definition
| Made in 1990. Requres that any test administered to a job applicant or employee with a disability must accurately measure the skills and abilities the test was designed to measure rather than reflect the examinee's disability. It also mandates that employers make reasonable accommodations when testing disabled examinees. |
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Term
| Bec Depression Inventory - II |
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Definition
| Contains 21 items that address the mood, cognitive, behavioral, and physical aspects of depression. the examinee rates each item in terms of severity on a 4 point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. the following score guidelines are usually used for individuals who have been diagnosed with major depression: 0 to 13 = minimal depression; 14-19 is mild depression; 20 to 28 = moderate depression; and 29 to 63 is severe depression. |
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Definition
| Used as a measure of visual-motor integration and can be used as a screening tool for neuropsychological impairment. the test includes 16 stimulus cards consisting of geometric figures. |
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Definition
| Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Were based on a lexical approach and factor analysis. |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
| Acquired knowledge and skills, afected by educational and cultural experiences. |
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Definition
| Enables an individual to solve novel problems and to perceive relations and similarities and does not depend on specific instruction. |
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| Curriculum-Based Measurement |
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Definition
| Involves periodic assessment of school-aged children with brief standardized and validated measures of basic academic skills that reflect the current school curriculum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test has this when it has substantially different validity coefficients for members of different groups (eg. men and women). Tis is one cause of adverse impact. |
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| Domain-Referenced Testing |
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Definition
| Involves scoring an examinee's test performance in terms of how much she has mastered the domain being assessed. it is also known as conten and criterion referenced testing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from Bygotsky's method for evaluaing a child's mental development and involves deliberate deviation from standardized testing procedures to determine if an examinee has the ability to profit from assistance or instruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of dynamic assessment. Involves providing an examinee with additional cues or prompts. It is ordinarily done after standard administration of the test to preserve the applicability of the test's norms. |
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Definition
| A measure of field dependence/independence. children with autism tend to find the embedded figures included in this test faster than their non-autistic peers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research has shown that IQ test scores have consistently increased over the last 70 years in the US and other industrialized countries. The increase involves a rate of at least 3 IQ points per decade and is apparently due primarily to increases in fluid intelligence. |
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Term
| Gender Related Differences in Cognitive Ability |
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Definition
| Most studies have found that females do better on some tests of verbal ability, while males do better on certain measures of spatial and quantitative skills, with spatial skills showing the largest gender gap. |
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Term
| Heredity and Intelligence |
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Definition
| Correlations between teh IQ scores of people with varying degrees of genetic similarity are used to demonstrate the impact of genetics on intelligence. The studies have found that, the closer the genetic similarity, the higher the correlation. |
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Term
| Infant and Preschool Tests |
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Definition
| Generally considered valid as screening devices for developmental delays and disabilities; but, when administered to children aged 2 or younger, they have little predictive validity. Examples include the Denver Development Screen Test, the Bayley Scales, and the Fagan Test of Intelligence. |
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Term
| Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children |
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Definition
| Development is based on Luria's neurophychological model and the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities. Because of its emphasis on nonverbal instructions and items, it is considered "culture-fair." |
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Term
| Kuder Ocupational Interest Inventory |
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Definition
| Designed for high school juniors and senior, college students, and adults. It was developed on the basis of empirical criterion keying, but unlike the Strong tests, did non include a general reference group. Instead, items selected for inclusion in the test were those that distinguished between different occupational groups. |
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Definition
| Brought on behalf of AA children who were disproportionately enrolled in EMR classes in the San Francisco school system. Based primarily on the testimony of experts, the judge handed down the opinion that IQ tests are racially and culturally biased, and have a discriminatory impact on Black children and enjoined the SF public schools from using them to place black children in EMR classes. |
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Term
| MMPI-2 Scores and Profile Analysis |
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Definition
| Scores are reported as T scores, which have a mean of 50 and SD of 10. A T score of 65 or higher on this is considered clinically significant. Scores are commonly interpreted through profile analysis, which involves considering the highest 2 or 3 scale scores. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to assess test taking attitudes and to determine if the results of a test for a particular examinee are valid. A high L score indicates an attempt to present oneself in a favorable light. A high F scale suggests response carelessness. A high K score indicates clinical defensiveness or an attempt to fake good. An examinee's score on the K scale is used to correct scores on several clinical scales. |
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Term
| Performance-Based Measurement |
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Definition
| Involves observing and judging a pupil's skill in actually carrying out a physical activity (eg. giving a speech) or producing a product (eg. building a birdhouse). |
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Term
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Definition
| The Individuals with Disabilities Act requires that 1) all disabled people from infancy to 21 years of age must be evaluated by a team of specialists to determine their specific needs. 2) an IEP must be developed for each disabled child enrolled in the public education system that provides education for the student in the least restrictive environment and that has been approved by the child's parents; and 3)while reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological tests can be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of IQ tests alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures receptive vocabulary for standard American English and provides a nonvebal estimate of intelligence. It was designed for people with orthopedic disabilities aged 2 1/2 to 85, and can be administered to any examinee who is able to hear the stimulus word, see the drawings, and in some way communicate a response. |
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Term
| Raven's Progressive Matrices |
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Definition
| A nonverbal measure of general intelligence (g) and is considered useful as a multicultural test because it is relatively independent of the effects of specific education and cultural learning. There are several versions including the Standard Progressive Matrices and the Colored Progressive Matrices. |
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Term
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Definition
| A projective personality test that presents the examinee with 10 inkblots. Administration usually entails 2 phases - free association and inquiry. Responses to the inkblots presumably reflect the examinee's underlying personality, conflicts, etc. Most scoring systems involve looking at the following dimensions: Location, Determinants, Form Quality, Content, and Frequency of Occurrence. |
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Term
| Seattle Longitudinal Study |
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Definition
| Found that a cross-sectional design is more likely to find early age-related declines in IQ because it is more vulnerable to the confounding effects of educational and other differences between differend age groups (cohort effects). It also found that, of the 6 primary mental abilities, only perceptual speed declines substantially prior to age 60. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holland classified occupations and occupational interests into six thematic areas, which he believed reflect basic personality characteristics. The relationship between these themes is conceptualized in terms of a hexagon with themes located closer to one another being more similar. Starting in the uper right of the hexagon, the themes are Realistic, Investigative, artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. |
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Term
| Stanford-Binet Fifth Edition (SB5) |
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Definition
| An individually-administered intelligence test that is based on a hierarchical model of intelligence that begins with "g" and incorporates 5 cognitive factors - Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory, Administration of the SB5 is tailored to the examinee's level of cognitive functioning. |
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Term
| Strong Interest Inventory |
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Definition
| 2 versions of this, the 1994 and the Newly Revised. In teh 1994 version, the General Occupational Theme and Basic Interest scales were developed based on the logical content method, whereas teh Occupational scales was developed based on a criterion keying strategy method. The Newly Revised one draws from a general representative sample. |
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Term
| Stroop Color-Word Associationa Test |
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Definition
| Assesses the degree to which the examinee can suppress a habitual response in favor af an unusual one and is considered to be a measure of cognitive flexibility and selective attention. It presents the examinee with a list of color names that are printed in ink colors that differ from the name. |
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Term
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Definition
| One type of bias that can invalidate the interpretation of test scores. Occurs when there is differential validity - ie. when the validity coefficients for a predictor (eg. cognitive ability test) differ for different groups. consequently, the predictor is more accurate for one group than another. |
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Term
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Definition
| (unfairness) occurs when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ. As a result, the predictor consistently over or under predicts performance on the criterion for members of one of the groups. |
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Term
| Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales |
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Definition
| measures personal and social skills of children and adults. It is often used in conjunction with an IQ test for diagnosing mental retardation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provides scores on 2 verbal factors (Verbal Comprehension and Workign Memory) and 2 performance factors (Perceptual Organization and Processing Speed). Discrepancies in factor index scores correlate with several conditions. Ex. Similar pattern for ADHD or LD - ie. A Verbal Comprehension score higher than a working memory score coupled with a perceptual organization score higher than a Processing Speed score. |
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| WAIS-III Profile Analysis |
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Definition
| Involves comparing each subtest score to the mean full-scale, verbal, or performance subtest score to derive information about the examinee's strengths and weaknesses. it is important to keep in mind that significant variability in subtest scores can be expected for an examinee as the result ofchance, and, consequently, that the analysis of subtest fluctuations may result in some false positives. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual intelligence test that yields Verbal, Performance, an dFSIQ scores as well as individual subtest scores and factor index scores. Verbal, Performance, and FSIQ hae a mean of 100 and SD of 15; subtests have a mean of 10 and SD of 3. The test is appropriate for people aged 16 through 89. |
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Term
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test |
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Definition
| For individuals ages 6 1/2 to 80 years and is used to assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback. The WCST is sensitive to frontal lobe damage, and impaired performance has been linked to alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, and malingering. |
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