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"handy man", 2.3-1.6mya, found in east and south africa. First found in 1960's. Considered first tool users. These chipped tools were called olduwan tools. |
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Found with Achulean tools, they were more advanced than Olduwan tools, both sides were chipped to make sharp point and was shaped like a tear drop. They were used as chopping, scraping, and cutting. First to leave Africa 1.8 mya in Java. Had longer legs which allowed longer travel. |
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Oldest Besides Homo Erectus. Brain size larger than H. Erectus, but smaller than most modern humans, skull is also more round and skeleton and teeth are less than H. Erectus, but more so than modern humans. Still have large brow and receding foreheads and chins. No dividing line between these species. Oldest known hominid found in Western Europe, it was found with achulean tools and some evidence of cannibalism. |
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Characteristics: cranial capacity of 1000-1300ml big frontal lobes (giving it the capacity for speech) robust skeleton found in Africa, Europe, and Asia may be ancestral to H. Neandertal and H. Sapien |
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| Used Mousterian tools, they went inside flesh and ripped out therefore they had to be close to the animals to kill them. They are older than Homo Sapiens. Heavy wear on incisors because of wear and tear on teeth, robust bone similar to rodeo riders. Cared for young, injured, and elders. |
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| Homo Neanderthalensis characteristics |
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Cranial capacity 1300cc (larger than H. Erectus) robust skeletons, but more modern than H. Erectus high, wide, nasal openings no chin retromolar gap (a gap behind the 3rd molar) big arm and leg bones short stature (avg. 5'5") |
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cranial capacity of 1400m "small brow ridge" true chin (only for homo sapiens) canine fossa |
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| Australopithecus africanus |
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small brain big molars= postcanine megadontia Around 3-2.5myr big molars and premolars(aka postcanine megadontia)=emphasis on heavy chewing cranial and post cranial adaptations related to bipedalism |
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Australopithecus afarensis |
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Canine size intermediate between humans and apes but larger than A. africanus postcanine megadontia reduced canines and canine dimorphism tooth rows are fairly parallel as in apes, not parabolic like humans height range: 3'3"-5'7" |
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| Australopithecus anamensis |
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the oldest and most primitive Australopithecus, 3.9-4.2myr. smaller canines than apes but not as small as modern humans molars and premolars relatively larger than apes parallel tooth rows like apes, not parabolic like humans |
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lived between 2.7 and 2.5mya has large sagittal crest that helped them get more leverage when chewing |
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| one that is short and stocky can preserve more heat |
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| the tools they made implied learning curve. Makers had an idea of what they wanted to create |
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Start with a core rock, then bash it until core flakes come off for use |
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found bones in Spain. Numerous bones and dead bodies were found there as well associated with heidlebergensis |
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| A time period where the climate changed. A period when things got colder. Occured 140-190 thousand years ago, glacier period. Evolution of Neanderthals. |
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| Early homo behavior, come across prey. |
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| chase off predators and carnivores |
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| hunting and gathering. men hunt and women gather |
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| sphere like tool, can use more force and can be cocked back and thrown |
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| What activites might H. Neandertalensis have been performing with their teeth besides eating? what evidence from their cranial/dental morphology might lead one to that conclusion? |
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| They had a very rough existence. The wear on their teeth results from exceptional use of the incisors perhaps for clamping or gripping skins and/or other objects. |
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| H. erectus was the first hominid to migrate out of africa. What aspects of geography at this time, as well as H. erectus morphology and technology allowed this species to be the first to make this migration? |
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| Postcranial adaptations indicate efficiency in bipedal running that was previously unknown, this was do to their longer legs which enabled them to travel farther distances. |
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| What indications of wear and tear on the skeletal remains of Neandertals gives researchers an idea about what daily life as a Neandertal was like? What activities might have produced the wear and tear? |
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| they got up and close with large animals. Their life was filled with violent activity and often were forced to fight off larger animals. |
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| Were Neandertals big, stupid brutes? why or why not? |
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| At first glance they were labled as big stupid brutes, but with further examination this was found to be untrue. They had sophisticated tools and a slightly larger cranial capacity than modern humans. |
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| What does mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of modern people from different geographical regions suggest about the origin of modern humans? |
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| It supports the africanus hypothesis |
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| What lines of evidence can be used to help trace the migrations of early modern humans all over the globe? explain. |
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| Fossil records and relevant timing, basically connect the dots. Also by tracing the usage of stone tools. |
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| H. Habilis characterisitcs |
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smaller molars and premolars than any Australopithecine larger incisors than paranthropus smaller face than australopithecus cranial capacity 510cc longer arms than legs flatter face forehead begins to rise straight up no brow ridge |
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Larger brain (800-1000cc) trend towards dental reduction long legs short arms big brow ridge large orbits, nasal openings, and face sagittal keeling occipital bunning |
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lack of strong forward projection canine fossa premolars with multiple roots (like H. erectus) cranial capacity of 1100 ml |
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