Harrapans

(was IVC at 3300BCE)

Year: 2500 BCE

• Used early hieroglyphic writing
• Centralized planning/sanitation system
• Main Cities: Harrapa and Mojen-Daro
• Bronze-age civilization
• Decline (1800bce): (1) Climate change and (2) Aryan Invaders
  

Indus River

• Where IVC flourished
• Used for trade networking, irrigation, and urbanization
• In modern-day India

Vedas

Year: 1700-1100 BCE

• Written in Vedic Sanskrit
• Oldest scrpitures of Hinduism(foundation)
• 4 Vedas (first 3 sacrificial):
• Rig-Veda
• Yajur-Veda
• Sama-Veda
• Atharva-Veda

Upanishads

• Derived from Vedas
• Another early form of Hinduism
• 200+ philosophical texts; 13 identified
• Created because of Indo-Aryan influence
• Meaning sit near, or at foot of (teacher-->learn)

Caste System

Year: 600 BCE

• Rooted in Vedic/Hindu Scriptures
  
• Invented by Brahmins
• 1 Brahmins (Priests)
• Kshatriya (Warriors)
• Vastriya (Merchants)
• Huiti (Artisans)
• Harijan (Untouchables): Foreignors, Criminals, Nomads
• Women and farmers excluded

Buddha Gautama

"The Awakened One"

Year: 563 BCE- 483

• Born prince; gave up prosperity for poverty
• 49 days of meditation--> Enlightened
• Founder of Buddhism
• Espouses "middle way" and "self-indulgence"

Eightfold Path

Buddhism basis

Right: (VISALEMC)

1. View

2. Intention

3. Speech

4. Attention

5. Livelihood

6. Effort

7. Mindfulness

8. Concentration

Hinduism

• Rooted from Veda texts
• Adheres to Indian Caste System
• Polytheistic
• Highest goal: Liberation from (moshka) and karmic cycle
• Sacrifice
  

Xia Dynasty

Year: 2200 BCE

• Yu the Great: Mythical Ruler of Xia Dynasty

- Credited with teaching Chinese dike building

- Invented nets used for fishing and hunting

- Developed Art of Divination

Mandate of Heaven

Year: 1063BCE

• Argues God favors certain rules
• Misfortunes indicate disapproval
• Fortunes indicate approval
• First seem in Zhou use as justisfication to over throw Shang
• Often used as justification for rebellions and struggles for power

Zhou Dynasty

"First clear-cut Chinese Dynasty"

Year: 1046BCE- 256BCE

• Saw intro of iron tools, but known for bronze
  
• Feudalistic type of rule
• Saw birth of Chinese philosophy (MOH)
• 771: Decline- Break up of empire into competing kingdoms--> Warring States Period
  

Warring States Period

Date: 475-221 BCE

• 7 Competing Kingdoms
• Active military campaigns to ensure Zhou kings
• Region warlords combine smaller with larger states
• Iron replaces bronze for warfare
• Birth of centralized gov't and clear legal system

Lao-Tzu

Year: 3rd-6th century

• Chinese philosopher of WSP
• 384BCE:  tires of Zhou court-life; searches in wilderness for simplicity and harmony
• Composed Tao Te Ching (Way of Virtue)
• Credited with founding Daoism

Kong-Fuzi

"Confucius"

Year: 551-479BCE

• Philosopher of Spring and Autumn Period
• Gave up warrior lineage for scholarship
• Advocated: Obligation (Yi)

- Family loyalty

- Ancestor worship

- Development of moral perfection through Yi

• Teachings became central to Chinese identity (Confucianism)

Yi

• Obligation to:

- Family

- Clan

- Ruler

- Country

• Supported by Kong-fuzi

Sun-Tzu

"Whatever it takes to win a war"

Year: 722-481 BCE

• Military general, statesmen, philosopher of Spring and Autumn Period
• Composed Art of War

- Compilation of strategies to win battles & roles of leadership

• Famous for axioms of strategies

- Ex: spies

Art of War

• Composed by Sun-Tzu
• Includes philosophy of managing conflicts and winning battles
• Accepted as masterpiece of strategy

Legalism

"Privacy of State over Individual Autonomy"

Year: 4th century

• Developed by Shang Yang in Qin Dynasty and WSP
• All power to emperor for stability and security
• All people equal, but exercise no individual rights or freedom
• Allowed for promotion based on ability, but severely punished those who took too much

Qin Dynasty

"Established cultural and social identity of China"

Year: 221-206 BCE

• First Imperial rule of China
• Renowned for effective and ferocious military
• Introduces centralized gov't system
• Abolishes feudalism and slavery
• Standardizes writing system
• Weights and measures standardized
• Private land ownership adopted
• Defeated by Han lead Liu Bang
  

Shi Huangdi

Year: 259-210 BCE

• First emperor to unify China (18 kingdoms)
• Qin declines shortly after his death
• Ruled through first hand knowledge and experience
• Did personal inspections
• Administered cruel punishments
• Survived several assination attempts
• Intolerant of ideas that challenged Legalism

- Burned books

- Sought to destroy Zhou and Confucian archives

• Credited with first version of Great Wall
• Was supposedly poisioned by mercury
• Buried in massive mausoleum w Terracotta Army

Great Wall

Year: 220-206

• Took 7 years to build 2500 miles; 25 ft high
• First started by Shi-Huangdi
• Expanded by later dynasty to 5000 miles

Terracotta Army

Year: 210 BCE

• A part of afterlife protection for Shi-Huangdi
• Complete with fully equipped 8000 soldiers, generals, etc. 130 chariots, 670 horses
• Found 1974

Silk Road

• Not an actual road
• Network of trade routes connecting most of Asia to Europe and Northern Africa
• Name given in light of China's prosperous silk trade
• Mostly luxury goods were traded: spices, silk
• Diseases, ideas, and cultures were also transferred
• Routes were overland and maritime

Emperor Wu-di

"Martial Emperor"

Han

Year: 140-87 BCE

133-124BCE: Leads seriues of campaigns against nomadic Xiongu; expels them from China

• First ruler to expand China to S. China, Korea, and Vietnam
• Reestablished Confucianism as official philosophy
• Standardizes copper coins

Romance of the Three Kingdoms

14th century

• Composed by: Luo Guanzhong
• Literary epic based on 3 Kingdom Period
• Novel's central heroes: Liu Bei, Guan Yu,Zhang Fei
• CaoCao briefly unites China, but successors defeated by Sima Clan
• Novel ends with Wu Dynasty falling to Jin Dynasty
• Theme: Empire long divided must unite, united must divide.

Grand Canal

• Network of artificial and natural waterways connecting South and North China
• Begun during Sui Dyn to transport food from Jinsu Province to Capitol--Luoyong
• Greatly improved national economy
• Extended by later dynasties to curren 1103 miles

Imperial Examination System

Year: 605

• Came into full effect under Tang Dynasty
• Intended to select government officials based on talent (not money or lineage)
• Open to all Chinese
• Held at local, provincial, and imperial level (last test in front of emperor)
• Candidates tested on military,literary, math skills, and confucian philosophy
• Until 1905

Wujing Zhongyao

Year: 1044

• Published firt formula for manufacturer of gunpowder
• Brought Song militarty to new heights 
• Use firelance for calvalry
• Use floating bridge to cross river

Neo-Confucianism

Year: 12th century

• Attempt to combine Buddhism, Daoism, and Hinduism
• Did not believe in Buddhist reincarnation or wheel of life
• Zhu Xi (1130-1200)-- Sought to equate Tao (way) with Tien (heaven) and that Buddhist Li was pure

Bi Sheng

Year: 990-1051

• Contributed to Song Technology
• Invented first moveable type & printing *tiles
• Inefficient because Chinese long, clay blocks
• No mass production

Wan Anishi

"Chancellor"

Year: 1040s

• Championed new reforms
• Low-cost gov't loan to farmers
• Gov't monopolies: tea, salt, wine (to increase revenue)
• Removal of poetry
• Supported by Emperor SHenzong
• 1077: Ousted from power and imprisoned--> New Reform Ends

Jin Dynasty

YearL 1115-1234

• Manchurian Jurchen invade China and form Jin
• 1122: Emperor Huizong allies w Jin against Khitan. Supplies them with weapons and technology. 
• Jin destroy Khitan and turn on Song
• 1127: Jin sack Song capitol-Kaifeng; emperor Qinzong captured and taken north
• Established Bejing as capitol
• Slowly adopted Chinese culture
• Emperor Gaozong withdraws south of Yangze and esablished South Song
• South Song succeeds in halting Jin w use od gunpowder

Wushu

"Kung-fu"

• General term given to fighting styles developed in China
• Earliest  example included: Sheubo adn Jiao Di
• Emphasis on spiritual, physical development through exercises, meditation, and mastery of stances
• Est 2500 forms of martial arts in China alone

Angkor Wat

City Temple

• Tempe complex in Angkor, Cambodia
• Built for King Suryavarman II
• First Hindu- dedicated to Vishnu then dedicated to Theravada Buddhist affiliation
• World's largest religious building
• High classical style of Khmer architecture

Temujin

"Genghis Khan"

Year: 1206-1227

• Founder and Emperor of Mongol Empire
• Started Mongol invasions and would control much of Eurasia
• Adopted Uyghur script as Mongol writing system
• 1206: Despite early difficulties; conquered Western Xia
• Jin made mistake by not attacking Mongols are first onset
• Battle of Badger pass- slaughters 1000s of Jin troops
• 1215: Beseiged, captured, and sacked Jin Capitol (Beijing)
• Emperor Xuanhong forced South
• Moves capitol to Kaifeng; China abandons north half to Mongols
• 1227: Died during last campaign w/ Tangut Empire

Tumen River

• River that serves as present day boundary in Russia, S Korea, and China
• Begins in Mt Baekdu ends in Sea of Japan
• Mongolian word meaning ten of thousand or myriad
• Known for refugee crossing in 90s

Golden Horde

Year: 1251-1480

• 1251: Batu Khan advanced to Eastern Europe and began rule in Russia
• Empire broken up by Timur in former 3 Tartar Khanates

Kublai Khan

ruled Mongolian Empire Year: 1260-1294

• 1271: Founded Yuan Dynasty
• 1279: Conquered Southern Song Dynasty
• First non-Chinese Emperor to rule China
• Meets Marco Polo in Peking and uses them to escort daughter to Persia to be wed

Marco Polo

Year:1254-1324

• Well-liked by Kublain Khan
• Family was given court positions
• Learned Chinese
• Escorts princess to Persia

Tamerlane

14th century

• Founder of Mughal Dynasty
• Rose from Nomad rule
• Army was composed of Nomads and highers
• Died during strike on Ming China
• Lead victory over Ottoman Empire

Ming Dynasty

1368-1644

• Replaced Yuan Dynasty
• Last dynasty ruled by Han
• Founded by peasant-born Buddhist monk. Zhu Yuanshang

Zhu Yuanzhang

"The Hongwu Emperor"

reign 12368-1398

• Ming Emperor
• Born of peasant family
• Buddhist Monk
• Lead Red Turban Movement
• Distrusted nobles and big cities, and city people
• MING REFORMS
• Separated country from city
• Travel laws and population increases 50%
• Sought to develop self-sufficient farms
• Encouraged peasant-land ownership
• Creates large agricultural surplus
• Development of wealthy merchant class
• Decreed Uniform code; did not like ostentation
• Attacked corruption and favoritism in Emperial Examination System
• Chinese military increased to 1m men
• 1398: Dies and succeeded by Jianwen (disposed of by uncle Yongle)

Yongle

Year: 1402-1424

• Moves capitol of Nanjing to Beijing
• Constructs Forbidden City as palace
• Oversees repair of the Grand Canal to promote trade and commerce
• Reduces Mongol threat
• Expanded Chinese overseas
• Patronizes career of Zhong He

Zhang He

1371-1435

• Ming Dynasty mariner, fleet admiral, explorer, diplomat
• Persian, Muslim, was made a Eunich
• 1405: Selected by Yongle to undertake voyage of exploration and diplomacy
• 7 Voyages: Idonesia, Middle East, Africa, India
• Utilized Ming Treasure ships
• 1435: Zhang He dies on 7th voyage

Ming Treasure Ships

• Used by Zhang He in 7 explorations
• Largest Wooden ships ever built
• 416 ft long by 170 ft wide
• Multiple Masts
• Water tight compartments
• Displaced 7500-10000 tons
• Expeditions: 62 treasure ships; 190 support ships
• Emper Zhengtong ended voyages
• Entire memory of voyages destroyed
• China enters period of isolation until 19th century

Kojiki

8th century

• Collection of myths on the formation of the island of Japan
• Composed by O No Yasumaro by request of Emperor Gammei
• Written in Chinese and Japaneses characters
• Recounts tails of sibliing deities Izanagi& Izinami and creation of Amaterasu
• One of the works that established Japanese identity
• Basis of later Shinto

Heian Period

794-1185

• Preceded by Nara clan
• 794: Emperor Kammu moves capitol from Heian to Heian-kyo to present day Kyoto
• Golden age of Japanese culture and literature
• 1002: Sei Shonagon composes Mokura NO soshi (pillowbook). Poetic form. Reflects authors experience and observances at imperial court
• 1020: Taketori Monogatori *Talle of the Bamboo Cutter. Regarded as first science fiction
• Buddhism becomes widely practiced
• Imperial court dominated by Fujiwara clan
• 1156: Hojen Rebellion leads to rise of the warrior class (samurai)

Tale of Genji

1021

Heian Period

• Composed by Muraski Shikibu
• Plot revolves around Prince Genji and his search for True Love
• Loves include noblewomen, stepmom, girl, wife, concubines
• 3rd person narrative
• Unusually written in Japanese characters

Daimyo

• Began as Shugo (governors)
• Appointed as extensions in Shogun's rule to outlying provinces
• Later given right to raise and maintain Samurai using tax revenues
• As Shogun declines, Daimyo increases
• Start to compete against each other for territory and prestige

Fujiwara

• Family controlled ruled of many centuries during Heian Period
• Maintained control through intermarriages
• INfluence declined as people hired Samurai to protect farms
• Military importance began to rise as their dominance began to fall

Minamoto Clan

"Genji Clan"

• Clan from which ALL Shogun originate
• Rise of Samurai Class
• 1185: Destroyed rival clan Taira in the naval battle of Dan-no-Ura (last battle of Gempei War)
• 1192: Minamoto Yoritomo accepts the tit of Seitaishogun, or Barbarian Quelling Warlord and becomes de facto head of Jap gov't
• Started first Shogunate

Taira Clan

12th century

• Provincial warrior family
• Assumed role as government protector
• Known for hegemonial struggle with Minamoto during Gempei War--they lost

Battle of Dan-no-Utra

1185

• Last battle of Gempei War
• Minamoto V Taira Clan
• One of the only naval battles of Samurai Era
• Tale of Heike originates from
• Marks end of Heian period and the beginning of Japanese military rule

Tale of Heike

1185

• Depicts 7-year-old emperor (Antoku)'s death
• Avoids capture during Gempei war by drowning himself while clutching the sacred sword of state
• Heike Crabs
• Native Japanese crabs that are said to be the souls of the Taira clan
• Can see their faces on shell (myth)

Bafuku

"Tent Government"

• Established by miiltary rule in Japan
• Local power distributed through military allies
• Dynamic in nature
• Constant competition among Emperor, Shogun, local lords, Buddhist and Shinto temples

Onin War

1467-1477

• 10 year civil war in Japan
• Originated in rivalry between prime minister Hosokowa Katsumoto (for the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa) vs Yamana Mochitoyo
• Led to the end of manorial period
• Hastened rise of Daimyo