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| Up the Tigris down the coast of Mediterranean, Mesopotamia "Land Between the Rivers" |
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| Earliest known civilization |
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7000 BC
Cultivated wheat, barley, sheep, goats, and pigs |
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| When did Abraham inherit "Promised Land"? |
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3200 BC-2300 BC
Incessant warfare over land & water rights, each city state was a theocracy, ruled by "Ensi"=monarchs, The Epic of Gilgamesh, Sumer used a base 60 system, writing=cuneiform (earliest known writing form) |
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2300's-2150 BC
Semitic ethnic group, moved from Arabia, Sargon 1 conquered Sumer-begins Akkadian period, Ur-Nammu takes control & establishes 3rd Sumerian Period |
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2000-1600 BC
Reached its height under Hammurabi, used 'Eye for Eye' code, did not believe in after life-believed in rewards for good conduct |
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2000-1200 BC
Dark Ages of Mesopotamia, from Asia-Minor (earliest known Indo-European language), produced iron weapons, collapsed to due to sea migration |
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100-750 BC
Centered in modern day Lebanon, known for trade goods (purple cloth, furniture, metal, glass, jewelry), created 22 letter alphabet, best traders, shipbuilders of their time, conquered by Assyria |
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1000-732 BC
Centered in modern Damascus, Semitic peoples, Aramaic became "international" language, conquered by Assyria |
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| Semitic peoples, 1st Leader-Abraham, controlled most of western fertile crescent, split into Israel & Judah, Israel conquered by Assyria, Judah conquered by Babylonians, |
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| Modern Turkey-stopped by Media, began usage of coins, attacked Persia & lost, |
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| Chaldeans (Neo Babylonian) |
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| Revolted against Assyrians, ruled entire fertile crescent, defeated the Egyptians, Astronomy was strong, Fell to Persians |
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Cyrus 2(The Great): greatest conqueror of Ancient Near East
Darius the Great-attacked Greece failed
Xerxes 1-attacks Greece (fails)
Imperial roads extend throughout the empire |
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Began decline after Suleyman
West was advancing faster than Ottomans |
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| Overseas commercial expansion, improved agricultural & industrial technology, European monarchs became stronger, middle class development |
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Weak leaders- Suleyman's son: drunk,most were incompetent, inexperienced, young
Promotion by bribery, favoritism, nepotism
Changes in military
High inflation cause by new world silver
Sunni victory over Shi'a |
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1st conflict before Israel was a country (Strengthened military, economy & gov't)
Gained control of Gaza, East Jerusalem, & West Bank
Arab-Israeli War
1956 -Israel joins w/ Britain & France against Egypt for Suez Canal
6 Day War
Yom Kippur War |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
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Egypt's leader(56-70)
Creation of the Arab League-promote Arab interests-counter Israeli influence |
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| Palestine Liberation Organization |
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Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President, Israeli Prime Minister
Results: a framework for the conclusion of a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel and (2) a broader framework for achieving peace in the Middle East. |
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Weapons for hostage exchange (secret)
Ended up being straight arms for hostage deal
"Contra" money used to support Nicaragua |
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| PLO under Arafat-HQ'ed in Lebanon |
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