Term
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Definition
-mature in the small intestine
-direct life cycles
-no copulatory bursa but have caudal papillae
-very prolific
-egg is thick shelled and contain L3
*sticky and very resistant in the environment
-simple mouth with 3 lips
-very large
-pathology based on burden
*usually a problem in young animals |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the pig small intestine
-direct life cycle (ingestion of L3 containing egg)
-PPP= 8 WEEKS
-eggs hatch in the small intestine due to CO2
-hepato-tracheal migration
-visceral larve migrans can occur in abnormal hosts |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the SI of horses
-direct life cycle
-PPP=10-12 WEEKS
-eggs are spherical and sticky due to proteinaceous coat |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the SI of dogs
-eggs irregular shape and not sticky
-infection via 4 methods:
1.ingested L3 in egg
a.pups <5-10 weeks old ->hepato-tracheal migration
*patent infection
*PPP=4-5 Weeks
b. older dogs - migration to somatic tissues where they remain encysted.
2.ingestion of L3 in P.H. (unlikely)
3.transmammary (unimportant)
4.transplacental - encysted larvae become mobile again during late gestation and cross into the fetal liver. Larvae then migrate to the lungs after the pups are born
*mimimum PPP= 23 DAYS
*most important source of toxocara infection (almost %100 of puppies)
*bitch = paratenic host
-MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE OF VISCERAL LARVA MIGRANS IN MAN |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the SI in cats
-Infection via 3 methods:
1.ingestion of L3 in egg
*PPP = 56 DAYS
2.transmammary
*PPP = 47 DAYS
3.Ingestion of P.H.
-Hepato-tracheal migration occurs for the first 2 methods but not the 3rd since development already occurred in the P.H. |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the SI of chickens and other birds
-life cycle is simple and direct
-competes with the host for Vit. A
*ingestion of L3 in the egg
-no migration
-eggs oval and smooth |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the caeca of poultry
-eggs oval, thick shelled and smooth
-not very pathogenic but can transfer HISTOMONAS MELEAGRIDIS disease |
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Term
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Definition
i-"pin worms"
- mature in the colon and rectum
-direct life cycles
-eggs flattened on one side with an operculum
-female's vulva is anterior
-males have 1 spicule
-esophageal bulb present
-feed on gut contents
-lay eggs around the perineum and cause pruritis |
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Term
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Definition
-common in rectums of horses
-infective stage = L2 in the egg by ingestion
-no migration
-causes tail rubbing |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the colon of horses
-LARVIPAROUS
-larvea can hatch and mature in the host without being passed in feces |
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Term
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Definition
-mature in the SI
-either free-living or parasitic
*only have parasitic females but have free-living males and females
-females and eggs are diploid
-transferred in the milk or percutaneous infection (even if ingested) and migrate in the blood
*like hook worms
-eggs contain L1 when laid and passed in feces
-infect very young animals
-can cause hypersensitivity but usually develop resistance when they get older |
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Term
| Enoplida- Trichuridae (general) |
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Definition
-"whip worms"
-common in the caeca of most spp.
-PPP= 10 WEEKS (dogs)
-lemon shaped eggs with 2 opercula
-direct life cycles
-very prolific and resistant in the environment
-infective stage = L1 in egg (ingestion) |
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Term
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Definition
-barrel shaped eggs with opercula
-life cycle direct or indirect
*earthworms = I.H.
-most important helminths in chickens
-found in differnet parts of the GIT |
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Term
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Definition
-infects all mammals via ingestion of meat
-inhabit the SI
-they are LARVIPAROUS
-once hatched the larvae enter the lymph and are distributed around the body
*L1 then encysts in the muscle
-highly pathogenic to humans (myositis) = trichinosis via pig meat
-encysted larvae live as long as the host |
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Term
| Habronematoidea (Habronema and Draschia) |
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Definition
-common in the stomach of horses
-eggs (with L1) passed in feces which are ingested by fly larvae where they develop into L3
-L3 are ingested if on the lips
-L3 are also deposited on wounds causing HABRONEMIASIS |
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Term
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Definition
-parasites of the blood, lymph and connective tissues
-indirect life cycles via blood sucking flies ->develop into L3
-first stage larva = MICROFILARIA
-L3 injected into the D.H. |
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Term
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Definition
-found in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle of dogs
-not in NZ
-microfilariae exhibit periodicity (vector feeding times)
-females are LARVIPAROUS
-L3 develop in the I.H. = mosquitoes
-PPP = 6-7 MONTHS |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the subcutaneous and intramuscular connective tissues of dogs
-occurs in NZ
-I.H. = flies
non-pathogenic |
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Term
| Trematoda, Digenea: (general) |
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Definition
-parasites of mammals and birds
-life cycle is always indirect via 1 or more I.H.'s (always a snail, spp specific) and always depend on WATER
-inhabit the gut or GIT associated organs (liver, bile ducts..etc)
-obtain nutrients by ingestion or absorption
-excretion and osmoregulation via regurgitation or flame cells
-hermaphrodites though copulation is usual
-eggs are passed out in feces and have an operculum
-Life-cycle:
1.egg containing a MIRACIDIUM
2.miracidium hatches in response to light and swims in water
3.miracidium finds the snail in the water and borrows into it and becomes a SPOROCYST
4. germinal cells in the sporocyst develop into several REDIA
5.migrates to the snails hepato-pancrease where the germinal cells of the redia develop into CERCARIAE.
6.Cercariae leave the redia via the
"birth pore" and swim in the water
7.Cercariae develop into METACERCARIAE and encyst on vegetation
8. ingestion of the metacercaria in the D.H. leads to encysted adults in the SI |
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Term
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Definition
-PPP = 8 WEEKS
-common in the bile ducts of mammals (not host specific)
-I.H. snail is always Lymnaeidae family(fresh water snails)
1.L. tomentosa: (indigenous to NZ)
2.L. columella
3.L. truncatula
-very prolific (~10,000 eggs/day) ans passed in feces (need water to develop)
*also requires:
1.temp above 10C
2.plenty of O2
3.light
-more cercariae develop in well fed snails
-after ingestion, excystment requires:
1.high CO2
2.low redox
3.bils salts
-the fluke goes from jejunum ->peritoneal cavity -> liver parenchyma -> bile ducts
-pathogenesis:
a.acute fasciolosis complicated with Clostridium novyi
b.chronic fasciolosis - duct obstruction and calcification (cows)
-seasonally dependent on snail population |
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Term
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Definition
-common in the small intestine
-life-cycle is always indirect
-all nutrients are absorbed and waste excreted via flame cells
-morphology:
-scolex - hold-fast
-neck- where segments grow from
-strobila- the remainder of the body which is made up of proglottids
-all segments are hermaphrodite with male parts developing first (protandry) and mature as they move down (immature ->mature ->gravid)
-2 classes:
1.cyclophyilldea: gravid segment breaks off ->feces
*eggs contain an embryophore + hexacanth
*adapted for terrestrial life
*genital pore is LATERAL
2.pseudophyilldea: eggs shed from uterine pore ->feces
*egg has an operculum and contains a CORACIDIUM
*adapted for aquatic life
* genital pore is medial |
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Term
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Definition
-has a scolex sometimes with hooks
-can cross-fertilize with alternating proglottids or with other worms
*cannot self-fertilize the same segment due to protandry
-eggs are very resistant
-hatching stimulated by ingestion of IH (digestive enzymes) ->burrows into mucosa ->potal blood ->liver -> other organs ->encysted ->ingested by DH ->cysts digested via bile salts ->attachment to SI wall
- 4 types of larval types:
1.cysticercus: fluid filled, 1 scolex and found only in VERTEBRATES
2.cysticercoid: not fluid filled, 1 scolex found only in INVERTEBRATES
3.coenurus: fluid filled with germinal layer producing several protoscolices found in only in VERTEBRATES
4.hydatid: fluid filled cyst lined by three layers, 1. germinal, 2. laminated and 3. adventitious containing brood capsules and many scolices = hydatid sand. found only in VERTEBRATES
**sometimes the hydatic cyst can be multilocular (E. multilocularis) |
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Term
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Definition
-adults found in the small intestine of carnivores (relies on predation)
-important for public health concerns
-scolex has 4 suckers and a fixed rostellum with 2 rows of hooks
-larva maybe 1 of the 3 vertebrate stages |
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Term
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Definition
-larva = Cysticercus tenuicollis
-DH = dog
-IH -ruminants
-cycts are found attached the to VISCERAL OR PARIETAL PERITONEUM
-life cycle: IH ingests egg -> hatches in intestine ->portal blood to liver -> abdominal cavity ->peritoneum ->ingestion by DH ->SI
-lives as long as the DH
-infective up to 5-6 weeks in the IH |
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Term
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Definition
-larva = Cysticercus ovis
-DH- dog
-IH - sheep and goats
-larva found in the INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES
*frequently in the heart and diaphragm
-PPP = 5 WEEKS
-important for meat quality inspection = "sheep measles" |
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Term
|
Definition
-Larva = Cysticercus pisiformis
-DH = dog
-IH = rabbits
-larva found in the PERITONEAL CAVITY
-found in "rabbiters' dogs |
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Term
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Definition
-Larve = Cysticerus fasiolaris
-DH = cat
-IH = rats
-larve modified and called a strobilocercus and found in LIVER |
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Term
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Definition
-Larva = Cysticercua bovis
-DH = human
-IH = cows
-larva found in INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES often in the heart, tongue and masseter musscles
-life-cycle typical except that cattle become infected via human feces
-Morphology exception = no rostellun or hooks |
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Term
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Definition
-larva + cysticercus cellulosae
-DH = humans
-IH = pig
-Larva found in INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUES
-not common in NZ
-develop in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
-larva = Coenurus cerebralis
-DH = dog
-IH = ruminants
-larva are found in the CNS (cerebrum)
-rare in NZ |
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Term
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Definition
-larva = Coenurus serialis
-DH = dog
-IH = rabbit
-Larva found in the INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
-found in rabbiters' dogs |
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Term
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Definition
-PPP = 34 DAYS
-DH = dog (other canines)
-Life-cycles:
Gravid segment released (every 3-4 days) ->ingested by IH -> hatches in SI -> portal blood to the liver or lungs and encysts (3 layers) -> ingestion by DH
*** CYSTS ARE NOT INFECTIOUS TO HUMANS, ONLY THE EGGS
-several subspecies:
1.E. granulosus granulosus (IH = sheep)
2.E. graulosus equinus (IH = horse)
3.E. granulosus canadensis (IH = reindeer or caribou) |
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Term
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Definition
-common in dogs and cats
-scolex has a retractable rostellum
-4-6 rows of hooks
-2 pairs of sex organs
-gravid segments has EGGS IN CAPSULES
-Life-cycles:
eggs released from gravid ->ingested by flea or lice larvae (IH) -> development of CYSTICERCOID
-> DH infected via grooming
-PPP = 3-4 WEEKS
-little pathogenesis except in young |
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Term
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Definition
-IH = free-living pasture mites
-horse-shose shaped eggs
-only cestode found in adult horses in NZ
-scolex has no rostellum or hooks
-found at the ileo-caeco-colic junction
-lappets found under the suckers |
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Term
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Definition
-larva - cysticercoid (shed in feces)
-ingested during grazing
-IH = free-living pasture mites
-2 spp:
1.M. expansa: sheep and goats
2.M. benedeni: cattle
-found in the SI
-scolex has no rostellum or hooks
-2 sets of sex organs per segment
-no pathological effects (develop resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
-found in free-range poultry
-most pathogenic cestode of poultry
-IH = snails and slugs |
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Term
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Definition
-found in free-range poultry
-IH = beetles, ants, cockroaches and flies |
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Term
| Pseudophyllidea (general) |
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Definition
-scolex has 2 bothria
-medial genital pore
-no shedding of the gravid segment
-eggs are operculate containing a CORACIDIUM with 6 hooks
-3 larval stages:
1.coracidium
2.procercoid
3.plerocercoid
-2 IH present: first is invertebrate the second is vertebrate
-life-cycle:
eggs shed in feces into WATER ->development of coracidium -> htches due to light -> free-swimming then ingested by crustacean -> develops into procercoid ->1st IH eaten by 2nd IH (usually fish, reptile or amphibian) -> plercercoid in the 2nd IH's muscles -> DH ingestion
-ingestion by an abnormal host = sparganosis, larva is called a sparganum |
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Term
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Definition
-IH 1 = freshwater crustacean
-IH 2 = fish
-DH = human, dog or cats
-large worm, consumes Vit. B12 = pernicious anemia
-NOT IN NZ |
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Term
|
Definition
-DH = dog and cat
-IH 1 = freshwater crustacean
-IH 2 = many (reptiles, amphibians, pigs, rodents or marsupials) |
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Term
|
Definition
-"pineapple head" "thorny-headed"
-found in the intestines of mostly birds and fish
-resemble both nematodes and cestodes
*worm-like but absorb nutrients through a thick tegument
*retractable PROBOSCIS with hooks
-separate sexes: eggs produced inside females and sorted by a "uterine bell" organ into mature and immature
-IH = crustaceans
-DH- live in or in the water (birds, bugs or fish)
-infection by ingestion
-one spp of interest = macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
*found in NZ but rare
*DH = pigs (in SI)
*IH = beetles and roaches
*eggs are brown, oval and resistant
* PPP = 2-3 MONTHS
*very prolific |
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