Term
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Definition
Cover a small area.
Good for engineering plans, or detailed site investigations. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Good for regional planning, land management.
Some detail, but larger area covered. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cover a very large area, i.e. entire states.
Poor for fine detail. |
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Term
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Definition
1:250,000 (~4mi)
1:500,000 (~8mi) |
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Term
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Definition
| North American Datum, est. 1986 |
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Term
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Definition
Best used for:
mapping, location determination, ground movement tracking |
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Term
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Definition
Best used for:
Mapping land use and changes, mapping geology, inventory & resource management |
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Term
| Prior to beginning field investigations, you should: |
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Definition
| Ascertain that your map has the proper magnetic delineation via NOAA. |
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Term
| Once in the field, you should: |
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Definition
| Line up your field map with a linear feature, and using a compass, determine local magnetic declination and orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of images using methods not in direct physical contact with the observed. |
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Term
| Stereo-paired low-alt. photography |
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Definition
Environ. investigations, past site use, possible contaminant sources.
Best for geologic hazards obs. |
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Term
| Stereo-paired low-alt. photography |
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Definition
| Photographs best taken at early/late in the day for shadows. |
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Term
| Stereo-paired low-alt. photography |
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Definition
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Term
| High alt. B&W photography |
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Definition
Lower resolution, but can cover larger area.
Used for mapping topography, soils.
Relatively low cost. |
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Term
| High alt. color infrared photography |
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Definition
| Used for landform survey, vegetation health, environmental pollution and effects of human activity. |
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Term
| High alt. color infrared photography |
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Definition
Images show stressed vegetation in blues, healthy veg. in red.
Photos w/ higher contrast and better resolution. |
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Term
| Side-looking Airborne Radar (SLAR) |
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Definition
| Oblique radar mapping in areas with cloud coverage. Useful at day or night. |
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Term
| Interferometric Synthetic Aperature Radar (InSAR) |
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Definition
| Used for deformation measuring and hazard monitoring. |
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Term
| Interferometric Synthetic Aperature Radar (InSAR) |
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Definition
| Survey of an area can be accomplished quickly at good resolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maps soils, geology, precip./evap. effects. and humans effect on the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uniform pricing, open source digital imagery available. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for elv. data collection as field survey alternate. |
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Term
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Definition
Penetrates vegetation.
Used for fault studies and surveys. |
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Term
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Definition
Helps determine/correlate downhole lithologies.
Helps est./confirm bed thicknesses.
Helps determine formation water salinity. |
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Term
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Definition
Helps make lithologic interpretations.
Identify formation water quality.
Locate fresh/salt water boundary in coastal aquifers. |
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Term
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Definition
Determine shale content in formation.
Help correlate stratigraphy/lithology.
Evaluate radioactive deposits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measuring porosity in petroleum/hydrology investigations. |
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Term
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Definition
Measures diameter of the borehole prior to casing.
Measurements help in grout volume calcs., identify underground cavities or unconsolidated strata. |
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Term
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Definition
Measures formation transit time to determine porosity.
Correlates units/facies analysis.
Helps in mineral/petroleum exploration. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
High Neutron & Gamma count
High Sonic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Low Neutron & Gamma count
Low Sonic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Low Neutron & Gamma count
Low Sonic |
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Term
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Definition
High SP
Low R (depressed from standard sand(stone)) |
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Term
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Definition
Low SP
High R (not as conductive) |
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Term
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Definition
Low-Moderate SP
Low R (very conductive) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
High Neutron / Low Gamma count
Very High Sonic |
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Term
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Definition
Unreadable, wandering SP
Extremely high R |
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Term
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Definition
| Pinched SP/R vs. Bulging SP/R |
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Term
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Definition
| Pinched SP/R vs. Low SP, R spike |
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Term
| Sand(stone) w/ fresh water |
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Definition
High SP
High R (not as large as limestone) |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on differences in seismic velocities in strata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used by engineering geologists most of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to find subsurface discontinuities, ascertain strength of rock (rippability), examine foundation suitability. |
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Term
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Definition
Principal of seismic refraction.
Based on velocities of two layers and angles of incidence and refraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to detect buried objects, subsurface void spaces, and subsurface materials changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited depth use of <30m overall. |
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Term
| Surficial Electrical Resistivity |
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Definition
| Used to measure bulk subsurface resistivity to determine properties and structures. |
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Term
| Surficial Electrical Resistivity |
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Definition
| Great for delineating contaminant plumes, locating buried drums/bulk waste, buried utilities. |
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Term
| Igneous rocks produce strong mag variations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sedimentary rocks w/ minimal variation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Induced Polarization & EM |
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Definition
| Most useful tools in mineral exploration. |
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Term
| Induced Polarization (IP) |
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Definition
| Metallic minerals, sulfide deposits, clays, zeolites. |
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Term
| Electromagnetic methods (EM) |
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Definition
| Used to detect highly conductive deposits (massive sulfide deposits) |
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Term
| Direct Current resistivity |
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Definition
| Useful for massive sulfide deposits, acid mine waste, groundwater pathways, sulfide deposit oxidation zones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Great for high density elements/ore deposits (chromite, hematite, barite). |
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Term
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Definition
| Ease w/ which mechanical excavation of soil/rock is viable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Material is most likely non-rippable |
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Term
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Definition
| Most rippable sedimentary rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most crystalline rock (igneous/metamorphic) is rippable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanically driven screw pushed in to the earth; DISTURBED cuttings brought to the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
Max depth ~200'
Useful for unconsolidated materials.
Able to sample groundwater. |
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Term
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Definition
Pushed down an open hole after auger is pulled out.
Samples wet or dry UNDISTURBED softer soils (clays/silts) |
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Term
| Lithology, Color, Hardness, Texture, Structural features |
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Definition
| Necessary listed characteristics of rock core descriptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to measure inclination of a slope; useful to monitor landslides / slope movement over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures in situ pore water pressure in an open standpipe, where water level can be monitored. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to sample water chemistry in the vadose zone, and measure deep percolation. |
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