Louis Daguerre

The Artist's Studio

1839

Daguerreotype

France

1839--The image was printed directly on a specially treated silver-plated copper sheet, there is no negative, and each image is unique.  Gives a lot of crisp detail.

Henry Fox Talbot

The Open Door

1843

calotype

paper negative

England

Expresses nostalgia for a rural way of life that was fast disappearing in industrial England.

Timothy O'Sullivan

Home of the Rebel Sharpshooter: Battlefield at Gettysburg

Albumen print, wet collodion process

USA

(wet plate glass negative)

Taken after the battle of Gettysburg in July 1863.

Dragged dead body to the site and posed it; rifle in the photo is O'Sullivan's.

Julia Margaret Cameron

Portrait of Thomas Carlyle

albumen print

wet collodion process

England

1867

Crystal Palace

England 

1851

First world exposition in History

art exposition

Gustave Eiffel

Eiffel Tower

1887-89

Paris

Built for the 1889 Universal Exposition in Paris

984 feet tall

was tallest in the world at the time

served as the entrance to and the main attraction of the Universal Expostion

Intended to demonstrate France's superior engineering, technological and industrial knowledge, and power

originally conceived as a temporary structure.

Types and Development of Man

Made for the St. Louis World's Fair 

1904

USA

anthropometry refers to the measurement of the human individual. An early tool of physical anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation

Jean-Leon Gerome

The Snake Charmer

1870

France

ORIENTALISM

almost like a photograph because of clarity and detail

Alexandre Cabanel

Birth of Venus

1863

France

19th Century

one of the leading academic artists of the time

has a strong erotic charge

bought by Napoleon III for his private collection

Gustave Courbet

The Stone Breakers

1849 

France

Realism

Courbet intended to  make a poliical statement with this piece

intended to provoke, suggesting even the lowest in society would be heros

Edouard Manet

Olympia

1863

Paris, France

colors are cold and harsh like a photograph.

Olympia looks coldly indifferent

name is same as a prostitute from a novel and play

angular and flattened (contrasting titian's)

Claude Monet

Impression Sunrise

1872

France

"en plein air=painting outside"

sunrise over the Harbor at Le Havre

criticized for not being "finished"

Claude Monet

Haystacks series

1890-91

France

impressionism

Monet originally intended to make 2 works: one on a clear day and one on a cloudy day in order to explore effects of sunlight. Eventually made close to 30 of them between 1889 and 1891 

Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Moulin de la Galette

1876

France

impressionism

glamorized the working class clientele of the dance hall

"for me a picture should be a pleasant thing, joyful and pretty-yes pretty! there are quite enough unpleasant things in life without the need for us to manufacture more." 

Mary Cassatt

Mother and Child

1890

Paris

impressionist

Edgar Degas

The Rehearsal Onstage

1874

France

Modern Life

Impressionist

Contrived scene, not an actual event. 

cropping of figures suggests photography

angular viewpoint may derive from japanese prints

Manet

Japanese Bridge

1905

Hiroshige

Wisteria Bridge

1855

post impressionism

Japonisme (French obsession with Japan)

Vincent Van Gogh

Self-Portrait dedicated to Paul Gaugin

1888

France

Post-Impressionism=a catch-all term for the varieties of artistic experiments that artists undertook after Impressionism

Vincent Van Gogh

Starry Night

1889

France

expressionism (artists emotional intensity overrides fidelity to the actual appearance of things)

using impasto technique to give picture a turbulent emotional energy and a palpable surface

cypress tree symbolizes death and eternal life

Paul Gaugin

Vision after the Sermon

1888

France

expressionism

Paul Gauguin 

Manao Tupapau (Spirit of The Dead Watching)

1892

France

expressionism

represents a scene from Tahitian religion

meant to evoke a mood rather than a scene.

desire to get away from the life of the oppressive city and to get back to "primitive" versions of culture

James Abbott McNeill Whistler

Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket

1875

England

abstraction from observed reality

Ruskin's objections to this painting precipitated one of the most notorious court dramas in art history

actually a fireworks show over a lake in London

Whistler

Arrangement in Gray and Black: The Artist's Mother

1871

England

impressionism

Art should be independent of all clap-trap—should stand alone, and appeal to the artistic sense of eye or ear, without confounding this with emotions entirely foreign to it, as devotion, pity, love, patriotism, and the like.  

Henri de Toulouse Lautrec

Jane Avril

1893

France

Post-Impressionism

the bass and the foreshortening recall Degas style

Edvard Munch

The Scream

1893

Norway

post impressionism

"I felt a shriek passing through the air..."
 

Edmonia Lewis

Forever Free

1867

Marble

Washington D.C.

done to commemorate the Emancipation Proclamation

Auguste Rodin

The Thinker

1880

France

Post-Impressionism

Auguste Rodin

The Burghers of Calais

1884-1889

bronze

France

six leading citizens dressed in only sackcloth with rope halters and carrying the keys to the city surrendered themselves to Edward III of England for execution in exchange for the sparing of Calais

William Morris

Sussex Chair and Textile Design

1878

England

The Arts and Crafts Movement

rebelled against the idea that art was a highly specialized product made for a small elite

tired of shoddy furnishing he found, made his own

 Have nothing in your house that you do not know to be useful, or believe to be beautiful

Antonio Gaudi

Casa Batllo

1900-1907

Spain

Art Nouveau

Louis Sullivan

Wainwright Building

1890-91

St. Louis, MO

first skyscraper

"form ever follows funtion" Sullivan

Modernist Architecture

Frank Lloyd Wright

Robie House

1906-1909

USA

Prarie Style

Frank Lloyd Wright

Edgar Kaufmann House, Fallingwater

Mill Run, Pennsylvania, 1937

USA

Prarie style

"Buildings should not simply sit on the landscape but exist in it"

key term=cantilever, a beam anchored at only one end that allows for things like projecting balconies

Walter Gropius

Bahaus ("House of Building")

Dessau, Germany

1925-26

Modernist Architecture

there is a balanced assymetry to its 3 large cubic areas that was intended to show the dynamism of modern life

"the ultimate goal of all artistic activity is the building"

 The Bauhaus was a new type of art school established in 1919 and lasting until 1933, founded on the idea of good design in keeping with the modern industrial age.

Bauhaus furniture and home decor

Paul Cezanne

Mont Sainte-Victoire

1885

France

cezanne said he wanted to make impressionism something solid and durable, like the art of the museums

Paul Cezanne

The Large Bathers

1906

France

Cezanne

left unfinished//largest canvas he ever painted

suggests a mythological theme

restricted palette

revives the Arcadian landscape

Henri Matisse

The Woman with the Hat

1905

France

controversial because of its thick swatches of crude, arbitrary, nonnaturalistic color and blunt brushwork

For their extreme use of color, one critic called the circle that Matisse was a part of the Fauves or “Wild Beasts.”  The name stuck.

Henri Matisse

The Joy of Life

1905-1906

France

Fauvism

"The chief aim of color should be to serve expression as well as possible."

Pablo Picasso

The Young Ladies of Avignon

1907

France

cubism

the name is controversial. Avignon is a court in the 14th century and its the red light district of barcelona

revives the idea of large-scale academic history painting (Traditional subjects of nude women in interior space)

flattened and fractured into odd shapes (avantgarde)

break objects into parts in order to analyze them, then put part back together in different order

The point is to make us quite aware that we are not looking at a depiction of something in the world but a flat canvas covered with paint. 

Pablo Picasso

Glass and Bottle of Suze

1912

France

synthetic cubism

newspaper clippings have to do with the First Balkan War of 1912-1913  which contributed to the outbreak of WWI.

Picasso wanted to underline the modernity of his art with this reference to the political chaos then building in the Balkans

combining painting with objects taken from life (newspaper, labels); breaking down the barriers between art and life

Pablo Picasso

Guernica

1937

France

Cubism

shows the tragedy of war

bombing on a spanish town by German and italian Soldiers

Pablo Picasso

Mandolin and Clarinet

1913

France

Synthetic Cubism

Vassily Kandinsky

Improvisation 28

1912

abstraction

aspired to make painting that responded to his internal state rather than external world, making no reference to real life.

"art should not depend so much on mere physical reality"

Ferdinand Leger

Three Women

1921

purism

cubism based on machine forms

suggests an orderly industrial society wehre everything has its place

Gino Severini

Armored Train in Action

1915

Italy

Futurism

Severini embraced the concept of war as a social cleansing agent.

Umberto Boccioni

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

1913

Italy

Futurist

swift movement from the past

was killed in WWI after enlisting to fight with Italy

Hugo Ball reciting the Sound Poem "Karawane"

1916

Dada

@ Cabaret Voltaire

Ball disgusted by the war

This poem renounced the language devastated by journalism and mocked traditional poetry

Marcel Duchamp

Fountain

1917

Dada

Readymade

most transgressive works of art in Western History

Marcel Duchamp

LHOOQ

1919

"El a chaud au cul"="She's hot for it"

this work challenges preconceived notions about morality or virtue being a basis for art and introduces disgust as a viable artistic subject