Articulation: Head of the Humerus and the Glenoid Fossa

1. GH is one of the body's most mobile joints due to the shallowness of the glenoid fossa (cavity)
2. The Glenoid labrum-narrow rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid fossa that adds depth to the fossa (cavity)
3. Structure for strengthening shoulder: Ligaments, muscles, tendons and bursae

A classic hinge joint

A single joint capsule surrounds the elbow joint

Medial and Lateral epicondyles are externally palpable bony landmarks

Two articulation: Humeroradial and Humeroulnar

1. Located just under the skin on the posterior surface overlaying the olecranon process of the ulna
2. Olecranon bursitis is inflammation of the bursa

1. The ulnar nerve runs between the olecranon process and the medial epicondyle
2. Blows to this area produce unpleasant sensations in the hand and fingers supplied by the nerve

1. Comprised of the radius and ulna
2. Two motions at the forearm: Pronation and Subination
3. Articulations: Proximal radioulnar joint and the Distal radioulnar joint

1. Between the head of radius and medial notch of the ulna
2. Stabilized by the annular ligament
3. Permits rotation of forearm

1. Point of articulation between ulnar notch of radius and the head of ulna
2. Together with proximal radioulnar joint, permits pronation and subination of forearm

1. Radiocarpal Joint
2. Intercarpal Joint 

1. Located between the 8 carpal bones
2. Stabilized by numerous ligaments
3. Movements are generally gliding, with some abduction and flexion 

1. Carpometacarpal Joint
2. Metacarpophalangeal Joint
3. Interphalangeal Joint 

Articulation between the carpal bones and the metacarpal bones.

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate and Hamate carpal bones are involved in these joints

The thumb carpometacarpal joint is unique and important functionally

1. Loose-fitting joint capsule
2. Saddle-saped articular surface
3. Movements are Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 

1. Rounded heads of metacarpals articulate with concave bases of proximal phalanges
2. Capsule surrounding the joints is strengthened by collateral ligaments
3. Primary movements are: Flexion and Extension 

1. Located between heads of phalanges and bases of more distal phalanges
2. Typical hinge typ, synovial joints
3. Two categories: PIP joints-proximal interphalangeal joints (between proximal & middle phalanges)   DIP joints-distal interphalangeal joints (between middle & distal phalanges) 

Range of Motion (ROM) assessment is used to determine the extent of joint injury

ROM is measured by an instrument called a goniometer