Offering 4

-from La Venta, Mexico

-jade, greenstone, & sandstone

-olmec civilization

-offering 4 was originally a ceremony area with the statues that were buried and then opened up to the heads. they were then closed up and not opened until recently.

-populous from 1200-400 BCE

-Located in Mexico

-had the *Great Pyramid which was a giant earth mound

-they buried things in pits such as the *Jade Celt & *Offering 4

-olmec culture

Colossal Head

-San Lorenzo, Mexico

-male figures with leather headresses

-olmec culture

-made of basalt blocks that were quarried from distant sites

-the heads had *earspools-(cylinder earrings that pierce the earlobe)

-12 heads were found in San Lorenzo

-could possibly be faces of rulers

1)Olmec

2)Teotihuacan

3) Mayan

1)Olmec, Mexico: 1200-400 BC

2)Teotihuacan, Mexico: 1-750 AD( first large city-state in America/population of 125,000)

3) Mayan, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, & Guatemala: 250-1521 AD

Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent(Quetzalcoatl:

god of wind, rain, clouds & life)

-teotihuacan culture

-had 6 or 7 tiers

-talud: slope

-tablero: panel

-100 sacrificed victims buried beneath

-looted tomb underneath of ruler

Bloodletting ritual fresco 550-650 AD

-teotihuacan culture

-fresco painting from elite houses

-painting of a guy planting maguey(agave) spines with his own blood. he is wearing *quetzal feathers(feathered headdress indicates his high rank)* and has a speech scroll(emphasizes ritual chant)

Temple of Inscriptions

-Mayan culture

-Palenque, Mexico 5th-8th century CE

-9 levels, 75 feet tall

-temple on top

-stairway down into tomb

-tomb of lord pakal 615-683 CE

-relief carvings on sarcophagus shows pakal made journey into underworld. 

-portrait of pakal showed evidence of body manipulation:flattened out forehead/headdress signifies ruling position

-was once painted

Portrait of Lord Pakal

-Mayan culture 250-1521 CE

-made of stucco and red paint

-found in temple of inscriptions, palenque, mexico

-elongated forehead

Stela 16, Tikal, Guatemala

-Mayan culture

-Dec. 5, 711 CE

-relief carving of Ruler A(Jasaw Chan K'awill)

El Castillo Pyramid

-Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico

-itza culture

-they had an obsession with the skies and calender...

-365 steps=days

-52 panels=weeks

-shadows have meaning(form serpent bodies)

-caracol: snail shell

Mantle with Bird Impersonators

-Paracas Peninsula, Peru

-paracas culture 200BC-200AD

-shows ritual & transformation

-camelid fiber(llama, alpaca, etc)

-stem-stitch embroidery

Earth Drawing of Hummingbird

-Nazca Plain, Peru

-geoglyphs

-nazca culture: 200BC-600CE

-450X220ft long

-related to rituals of bringing the rainy season

1)chavin

2)paracas

3)nazca

1)chavin culture, peru: 1000-200BC

2)paracas culture, peru: 200BC-200AD

3)nazca culture, peru: 50-200CE

Raimondi Stone

-Chavin culture

-low relief

-human shaman holding symbols of authority

-made of diorite

-*turn upside down for transformation*

-"staff god"

Great Serpent Mound, Ohio:1070AD

-mississippian culture

-effigy mound, might relate to Hailey's Comet(1066AD)

-ceremonial complex

-mississippian culture: 700-1550 CE

-ancient puebloan culture(anazasi): 550-1250 CE

Sun Dagger, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

-puebloan culture

-was in the pueblo bonito 830-1250 AD which had 800 rooms for ceremonial rites

-the sun dagger shows solstice & equinox

Cahokia in Illinois 900-1500 AD

-mississippian culture

-monk's mound:stepped, pyramidal shape

-built with solar alignment

-had postholes(wooden henges) used to measure solar stuff

Head of King

-Ife, Nigeria

-sub-saharan sculpture

-yorua culture

-zinc brass

-*scarification*

-naturalism

-convergent evolution

-*btw remember blombos cave abstraction: earliest symbolic representations @70,000BCE

terracotta head

-nok culture, nigeria 500BCE-200CE

-sub-saharan sculpture

-earliest preserved african sculptures outside of egypt and nubia

-broken: once full figure

Head of an Oba, Benin, Nigeria

-memorial head of king

-early period: 16th CE

-brass

-ethnographic parallel to edo culture

Hip Mask Representing an Iyoba

-Iyoba="Queen Mother"

-sub-saharan sculpture

-benin, nigeria 1550 CE

-made of ivory, iron & copper

-worn on a belt

-scarification

-necklace decorated with mudfish(attributes of a divinity)

-supposed to be for portuguese traders

Great Friday Mosque, D'Jenne, Mali

-towers, engaged columns, torons

-in 13th century, palace made into mosque out of adobe bc king liked allah. it was then destroyed and rebuilt smaller. rebuilt again in 1907 in original style.

-has qibla wall and mihrab and crap

-let the wooden beams stick out so they can replace them every year(torons)

Conical Tower

Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe

-great trading site

-originally had ornamental stonework

-rests inside the Great Enclosure

Purse cover from Sutton Hoo ship burial 625

-suffolk, england

-cloisonne technique

-has ducks, eagles, & interlaced animals

-has polygons, and men & wolves being all heraldic antithetical and attacking? umm....

-the ship was the grave of a man and buried with treasure

-ship was 90 ft long and used for rowing

-purse has a hiberno-saxon style

barrows=cemetery mounds

-mound 1 had ship

(ship contained iron helmet with narrative scenes, purse flap, large belt buckle with patterns, & a silver set with the repousse technique)

-fall of roman empire which led to renaissance: 476-1400 CE(called the middle/dark ages)

-compare to early byz(527-726), middle byz(843-1204) &late byz(1204-1453) periods

-medieval civilization was a fusion of christianity, greco-roman heritage, & cultures of non-roman people...which let to new political, social, culture, and art forms

-founded 3rd century

-major urban center 9th century

-converted to islam by king 13th century

-palace destroyed a bunch and the 3rd mosque renovation was in 1907

Page with man, gospel of durrow 660-680 AD/7th century

-illustrated manuscripts by monks in scriptoria

-abstract human figure representing st.matthew

-pattern of interlaced ribbon/stylized lion of st. mark

-both ink & tempera

Chi-Rho-Iota page, Book of Kells

-Iona, Scotland

-Late 8th-9th century

-Matthew, Mark, Luke, &John are on it.

-Tempera on vellum

-symbols of the saints

-interlaced patterns showing chi rho I(Christ)

Lindisfarne Gospels

-Northumbria, England

-698-721 ce

-tempera on vellum

-shows saint matthew with an open book

-attempt at perpective

South Cross, Ahenny, Ireland

-8th Century CE

-part of the high crosses of Ireland, 8th-10thCE

-shows interlaced stone carvings

-south cross is embellished with halo-type circle

-modeled on metal cermonial crosses which were containers for holy relics.

-has large bosses(brooch-like projections) that resemble jewels

Colophon page by Emeterius and Senior

-tabara monastery, 10th century

-mozarabic culture of spain

-shows commentary on the apocalypse, 970

-colophone page

-emeterius: painter

-senior:scribe

-horseshoe arches, glazed tiles, &scriptorium

-Charles the Great(Charlemagne) unites central Europe in 742

-is crowned "King of the Franks" in 768

-is crowned "Emperor of Rome" in 800->Holy Roman Empire

-"renovatio"

-Occurs in early medieval spain

-in 5th century, the roman cities in spain fell to the germanic visigoths

-the visigoths convert it all to christianity

-6th&7th century churches formed

-in 711, muslims conquered spain

-however christian culture continues in the north area=mozarabic

Palace chapel(Palatine chapel) of charlemagne, aachen, germany 792-805

-rounded arches

-polychrome voussoir

-spolia

-porphyry

-veneer

-mosaics

-inscription

-similar to the san vitale ravenna 526-547

Page with Matthew the Evangelist,

Gospel of Matthew, Coronation Gospels 800-810

-ink and tempera on vellum

-shows st. matthew writing the gospel

-has shading and modeling in the classical tradition

-very similar to early christian and byzantine art

Doors of Bishop Bernward, St. Michaels, Hildesheim, Germany

-bronze doors 1015

-commissioned by bishop bernward

-16 feet 6 inches tall

-led from cloister to church(for monks only)

-has 16 panels

-old and new testament figures cast in bronze

-1200-400 BCE

-from south-central mexico

-specialized in agriculture

-first mesoamerican civilization

-had ceremonial centers

-had platforms and courts

-had the "great pyramid and ball court in la venta, mexico"

Jade Celt

-Olmec culture

-"were-jaguar" votive offering

-axe head

-composite creature

Pyramid of the Moon

-Teotihuacan culture, mexico

-architecture imitates sacred landscape

-originally had temple on top

Pyramid of the Sun

-Teotihuacan culture

-bigger than pyramid of the moon

-used to have alter on top

-built over cave&spring

-interior of rubble

-exterior of stone, stucco, & paint

-children buried at corners for human sacrifice to bring rain & fertility

-200 ft high

Temple 1, Tikal, Guatemala

-Mayan culture, north acropolis 734 CE

-tomb embedded in the bedrock of Ruler A(Jasaw Chan K'awiil)

-9 levels of underworld

-140 ft tall

-temple on top with roof comb

Pueblo Bonito

-Chaco Canyon, New Mexico

-ancestral puebloan(anasazi)culture

-830-1250 ce

-800 rooms & 32 kivas

Rock art

-great gallery, horseshoe canyon, utah

-pictographs:painted figural depictions

Hunter's Mural

-9 mile canyon, utah

-fremont people c800-1300 ce

-petroglyphs:carving out darker portions to display underneath

Stone Plaque from Apollo 11 Cave, Namibia

-earliest known figurative(representational) art from Africa

-charcoal on stone

-23,000 bce

Saharan rock-wall painting

-tassili-n-ajjer, algeria, 6000-4000 bce

-running woman(either human or divinity)

-clothing, body decoration,homed headdress

Saharan rock-wall painting

-dancers in ceremonial dress

-tassili-n-ajjer, algeria 5000-2000 bce

-clothing, body decoratoin, headdress, mask, dance

Seated Dignitary

-nok culture, nigeria

-c.500 bce

-terracotta

-man of authority

Roped Pot on Stand

-Igbo-Ukwu culture, nigeria-*they had elite burials*

-9th-10th century CE

-earliest preserved evidence for bronze casting in africa

Lindisfarne Gospels

-Northumbria, England c698-721

-contains image of st. matthew with open book

-tempera on vellum

-attempt at perspective

West High Cross of Muiredach, 923 ce

-Christ being crucified

East High Cross of Muiredach, 923 ce

-Christ risen; Judgement Day

Church of S. Maria de Quintanilla de las Vinas

-Burgos, Spain

-visigoth culture, 7th century

-*use of horseshoe arch

-mozarabic art

Equestrian Portrait of Charlemage

-Metz, France, 9th century

-similiar to the statue of marcus aurelius

-"renewal" of artistic traditions from the roman past

St. Michael's, Hildesheim, Germany

-place of the bronze doors of bishop bernward

-made from 1001-1031 ce

Bronze doors

-creation of adam and eve

-Bronze doors

-ascension/women at tomb

-bronze doors go from Genesis->life of Jesus

early medieval: 5th-11th century(compare to early byzantine)

-romanesque: 11th-12th century(compare to middle byzantine)

-gothic period: 12th-15th century(compare to late byzantine)

crusades in romanesque period

1st crusade: 1095

4th crusade: 1204

9th crusade: 1271

Reliquary of Sainte Foy

-Abbey Church of Conques, France

-9th-10th century

-"holy robbery"-monks stole her from shrine bc saint encouraged them

-veneration of relics in middle ages

-encapsulates the bones of martyr

-romanesque art

similarities:

-barrel vaults

-cross shaped plan

differences:

st. james: relics located in secondary chapels

st.sernin: location on pilgrimage route, had a crossing tower(steeple at intersection)

Durham Cathedral, England 1087-1133

-pointed arches(experimented with vaults)

-cross body plan

-romanesque period

-huge tier supports

The Romanesque Church Portal

*know this!*

Priory Church of Saint-Pierre

-Moissac, France c.1115 ce

-identify archivolt, tympanum, lintel, jamb, trumeau, jamb

Saint-Lazare

-Autun, France c.1220-113

-historiated capitals

-inscription above the lintel signifies the sculptor: gislebertus

-shows last judgement: Christ with a mandorla & weighing of the souls on tympanum

-shows suicide of judas with depiction of demons on historiated capitals

Church of Ste. Madeleine

-Vezelay, France

-sculpted capital from south aisle

-moses on left and paul are grinding grain: an allegory for reconnection of old&new testaments thru Christ

Virgin and Child

-France, 12th century

-romanesque art

-bench symbolizes throne of solomon

-Jesus used to hold a book

-sculpture brought performing arts to the west

-"seat of wisdom"

St. Denis Cathedral

-gothic period

-"Gothic" architectural innovations allows more windows

-Abbot Suger introduced "Lux Nova": stained glass used as a spiritual passageway

-pointed arches create high passageways

-rib vaults act as structural supports

-burial sites of French kings

-cephalophoria: bishop walking while holding his head

Cathedral of Notre Dame

-Paris, France

-begun in 1163 ce

-has flying buttresses for structural support

-pointed arches, ribbed vaults

-painted details on interior(gothic decoration)

-has heads from sculpture of judea cut off during french revolution on exterior

-color used for emphasis

Chartres Cathedral

-high gothic period

-begun in 1134

-destroyed by a fire in 1194

-rebuilt in 1194 for 27 years

-pilgrimage route

-west facade built in 1145(early gothic period)

-shows ascension, 2nd coming, & mary and child

^known as royal portal

West Facade of Chartres Cathedral

-inspired by Church of Saint-Denis

Tree of Jesse

-Chartres Cathedral

-gothic art

-on west wall of cathedral

-inspired by saint-denis cathedral

-Jesse lies at base of family tree which connects Jesus to house of David

Rose Window

-North Transept of Chartres Cathedral

-gothic art

-lancet windows

-royal patronage

mesoamerican stone statue that is reclining.

-found on the chichen itza thing

comes from ad 780-900 and is during the period of charlemagne.

-set the stage for romanesque and gothic art

mark-lion

luke-ox

john-eagle

matthew-human/angel

-book of durrow

-came after decline of carolingian empire

-happened in germany

double barrel vault

-found on charlemagnes palatine cathedral

gothic architecture that evolved from romanesque architecture and gave way to the renaisaance.

-has pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses

the intersection of two or three barrel vaults . more modern than the groin vault

-found on durham cathedral

-the olmecs had access to jade which showed that the elite class had access to a trading network in mesoamerica(guatemala?)

-they started the formation of pyramids and ceremonial centers

-olmec in mexico

-they had pyramid of the sun and moon which had temples on the top of the pyramids, unlike the ones in egypt

-pyramids built over a cave

-teohituacan in mexico

-pyramid of the feathered serpent was once painted like the sun and the mood, but it has sculptures on the outside of the quez. guy

came from 4 countries

-mayan pyramids had roof combs, stair cases and burial chambers

-pyramids had pyramids meant for climbing and not meant for climbing.-sacrifictial rituals

found in mexico

-has a caracol which is a spiraled building that was an astronomical observatory of venus

-el castillo pyramid has chacmool figures

-has steps revolving around days in the year

located in peru

-had raimondi stone

-stone made of contour rivalry which means it can be read many different ways

-shows a fiercesome diety and then a row or smiling fanged faces with the deity having a face of a smiling reptile

got its name bc the rock paintings were discovered in 1969 at the same time as the apollo 11 shuttle launch

-located in namibia

city center reached peak in 9th century

mosque built in 13th century

still in use

5th-15th century

-kind raeldwald was buried in sutton hoo- the bowls found there had christian significance

takes its name roman barrel vaults

10-11th century

located in spain

-many pilgrimage routes to it bc saint james buried there

-once was a roman trade route

on church of st lazara, figure is carrying a scallop shaped bag- pilgrimage 

located in paris, france

-founded on the spot of saint denis- saint of france. burial place of kings and pilgrimage

abbot sugar was friend of french king

-started with west front- portal- then moved to east. first time ribbed vault, flying buttresses, rose window had been put together

-5 previous buildings which is why west wall is oldest bc rest destroyed in fire

-tympanum=throne of wisdom

-has 3 facades=portals