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| A canopy on columns, frequently built over an altar. The term derives from baldacco. See also ciborium. |
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| Italian, "silk from Baghdad." See baldacchino. |
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| The traditional blanket designation for European art from 1600 to 1750. The stylistic term Baroque, which describes art that features dramatic theatricality and elaborate ornamentation in contrast to the simplicity and orderly rationality of Renaissance art, is most appropriately applied to Italian art of this period. The term derives from barroco. |
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| lost-wax (cire perdue) process |
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| A bronze-casting method in which a figure is modeled in wax and covered with clay; the whole is fired, melting away the wax (French, cire perdue) and hardening the clay, which then becomes a mold for molten metal. |
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| A ceiling design in which painted scenes are arranged in panels that resemble framed pictures transferred to the surface of a shallow, curved vault. |
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| Painting in the "shadowy manner," using violent contrasts of light and dark, as in the work of Caravaggio. The term derives from tenebroso. |
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| Italian, "life." Also the title of a biography. |
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| A still life that includes bread and fruit. |
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| Latin, "dark room." An ancestor of the modern camera in which a tiny pinhole, acting as a lens, projects an image on a screen, the wall of a room, or the ground-glass wall of a box; used by artists in the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries as an aid in drawing from nature. |
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| A three-petaled iris flower; the royal flower of France. |
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| Latin, "reminder of death." In painting, a reminder of human mortality, usually represented by a skull. |
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| A picture depicting an arrangement of inanimate objects. |
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| Latin, "vanity." A term describing paintings (particularly 17th-century Dutch still lifes) that include references to death. |
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| French, "old order." The term used to describe the political, social, and religious order in France before the Revolution at the end of the 18th century. |
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| Latin, "example or model of virtue." |
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| A bundle of rods with an axe attached, an emblem of authority in ancient Rome. |
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| French, "learned woman." The term used to describe the cultured hostesses of Rococo salons. |
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| French, "amorous festival." A type of Rococo painting depicting the outdoor amusements of upper-class society. |
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| A painting medium consisting of watercolor mixed with gum |
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| A type of 18th-century portrait painting designed to communicate a person's grace and class through certain standardized conventions, such as the large scale of the figure relative to the canvas, the controlled pose, the landscape setting, and the low horizon line. |
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| A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century as part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures. Neoclassical artists adopted themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome. |
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| A mechanical model of the solar system demonstrating how the planets revolve around the sun. |
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| French, "thinker, philosopher." The term applied to French intellectuals of the Enlightenment. |
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| A member of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture during the early 18th century who followed Nicholas Poussin in insisting that form was the most important element of painting. See also Rubéniste. |
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| A photograph produced without a camera by placing objects on photographic paper and then exposing the paper to light; named for the American artist Man Ray |
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| A style, primarily of interior design, that appeared in France around 1700. Rococo interiors featured lavish decoration, including small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, easel paintings, tapestries, reliefs, and wall paintings, as well as elegant furniture. The term Rococo derived from the French word rocaille ("pebble") and referred to the small stones and shells used to decorate grotto interiors. |
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| A style, primarily of interior design, that appeared in France around 1700. Rococo interiors featured lavish decoration, including small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, easel paintings, tapestries, reliefs, and wall paintings, as well as elegant furniture. The term Rococo derived from the French word rocaille ("pebble") and referred to the small stones and shells used to decorate grotto interiors. |
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| A member of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture during the early 18th century who followed Peter Paul Rubens in insisting that color was the most important element of painting. See also Poussiniste. |
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| A weaving technique in which the weft threads are packed densely over the warp threads so that the designs are woven directly into the fabric. |
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| An architectural style of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in France. Based on ideas taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, the Beaux-Arts style incorporated classical principles, such as symmetry in design, and included extensive exterior ornamentation. |
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| A photographic process in which a positive image is made by shining light through a negative image onto a sheet of sensitized paper. |
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| Latin, "lighted room." A device in which a small lens projects the image of an object downward onto a sheet of paper. |
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| A photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal; developed by Louis J. M. Daguerre. |
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| The search for knowledge based on observation and direct experience. |
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| A printmaking technique in which the artist uses an oil-based crayon to draw directly on a stone plate and then wipes water onto the stone. When ink is rolled onto the plate, it adheres only to the drawing. |
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| The revival of the Gothic style in architecture, especially in the 19th century. |
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| A woman in a Turkish harem. |
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| A flat tool used to scrape paint off the palette. Artists sometimes also used the palette knife in place of a brush to apply paint directly to the canvas. |
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| A Western philosophical model that promoted science as the mind's highest achievement. |
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| A movement that emerged in mid-19th-century France. Realist artists represented the subject matter of everyday life (especially that which up until then had been considered inappropriate for depiction) in a relatively naturalistic mode. |
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| A Western cultural phenomenon, beginning around 1750 and ending about 1850, that gave precedence to feeling and imagination over reason and thought. More narrowly, the art movement that flourished from about 1800 to 1840. |
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| A Greek mythological follower of Dionysos with a man's upper body, a goat's hindquarters and horns, and a horse's ears and tail. |
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| An early photographic process in which the photographic plate is exposed, developed, and fixed while wet. |
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| A device invented by Eadweard Muybridge in the 19th century to project sequences of still photographic images; a predecessor of the modern motion picture projector. |
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