chisel: cutting wood, stone, metal.

sharp edge. the chisel is forced into the material to cut it, this can be done manually or applied using a mallet or hammer.

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mallet: rubber/wooden. rubber used when a softer blow is called for than that delievered by a metal hammer.  Typically used to form sheet rock metal since they dont leave marks, forcing tight-fitting parts together, shifting plasterboard in place, and other general purposes. 

wooden: usually used in carpentry and sculpture to knock pieces together or drive dowels or chisels. will not deform stricking tool like hammers would but reduces force available to drive cutting edge of a chisel.

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Chryselephantine  is a term that refers to the sculptural medium of gold and ivory. Chryselephantine cult statues enjoyed high status in Ancient Greece.

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has been prized for its used in sculptures since classical times.  Preference has to do with its softness, relative isotropy (having a physical property that has the same value when measure in different directions) , and homogeneity, and a resistance to shattering. also a waxy look that gives "life" to the marble. 

is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite, and serpentine which is capable of making a polish. 

is painted surfaces that look like a marble. 

 (arenite) composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains. most composed of quartz and/or feldspar, mostly tan brown yellow gray pink white and black. 

 is an ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different metamorphic rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals

 In the art of textiles a soft and flexible material of fibers or yarn is formed by spinning wool, flax, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel and crocheting, knitting, knotting, weaving, or pressing fibres together (felt) to create a work

a tarnish that forms on the surface of bronze and similar metals (produced by oxidation or other chemical processes); a sheen on wooden furniture produced by age, wear, and polishing; or any such acquired change of a surface through age and exposure. also on coins.

painted, printed or decorated in several colors. especially statues.

refers to a class of chemical compounds that are plastic (malleable) near ambient temperatures. Characteristically, they melt above 45 °C (113 °F) to give a low viscosity liquid. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in organic, nonpolar solvents. All waxes are organic compounds, both synthetic and naturally occurring.

a form of dentine, which is the bulk of the teeth and tusks of animals. word derives from ancient egypt. greek and romans were big users of ivory. syrian and north african elephant populations resulted in extinction probably due to ivory in the classical world.  Chinese have long valued ivory, as early as the first century bc ivory was moved on and silk road. South East Asia included tusks of indian elephant in their annual tribute caravans to china. the buddhist cultures of southeast asia, thailand, laos, and cambodia traditionally harvested ivory. 

a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally unblendable. which coats the photosensitive side of film. 

a technique used to manipulate the exposure of the selected area. used to improve contrast. known today as tone mapping  in digital photography. Ansel Adams elavated dodging and burning to an art form. many of his prints were manipulated in the darkroom with these techniques. 

film may be rinsed in this solution to assist uniform drying, which eliminates drying marks cause by hard water. 

stop bath

a dilute solution of acetic acid or citric acid that halts the action of the developer.  A rinse with clean water may be substituted.

converts the latent image to metallic silver

on photographic film is an invisible image produced by exposure of the film to light.

a chemical for final step in photography, makes images permanent and light-resistant by dissolving any remaining silver halide salts. sometimes called hypo

a compound between silver and halogens..

 a colorless solid, soluble in water, a silver compound used in photography

device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. used mostly in digital cameras.

Zinc (/ˈzɪŋk/ zingk; from German: Zink), or spelter(which may also refer to zinc alloys), is a metallicchemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30

Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC. Impure zinc metal was not produced in large scale until the 13th century in India, while the metal was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. Alchemistsburned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

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  Bulldog tinner's snips

 
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  Circle snips

 
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  Hawk's bill snips

 
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  Duckbill- or trajan pattern

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In woodworking andcarpentry, hand saws, also known as "panel saws", "fish saws", are used to cut pieces of wood into different shapes. This is usually done in order to join the pieces together and create a wooden object. They usually operate by having a series of sharp points of some substance that is harder than the wood being cut. The hand saw is a bit like a tenon saw, but with one flat, sharp edge-been around for a long time. hieroglyics exisits depicting saws.

A modern bow saw is a metal-framed saw in the shape of a bow with a coarse wide blade. This type of saw is also known as a swede saw or a buck saw. It is a rough tool that can be used for cross-cutting branches (maybe up to 6 inches in diameter) down to size.

Traditionally, a bow saw is awoodworking tool used for straight or curved cuts. In European vocabulary it is synonymous with frame saw.

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A reciprocating saw is a type of saw in which the cutting action is achieved through a push and pullreciprocating motion of the blade.

The term reciprocating saw is commonly assigned to a type of saw used in construction and demolition work. This type of saw, also known as a recipro saw, Sabre Saw, or Sawzall (a trademark of the Milwaukee Electric Tool Company) has a large blade resembling that of a Jigsaw and a handle oriented to allow the saw to be used comfortably on vertical surfaces.

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Copper is a traditional metal, and is still preferred, for etching, as it bites evenly, holds texture well, and does not distort the colour of the ink when wiped. Zinc is cheaper than copper, so preferable for beginners, but it does not bite as cleanly as copper, and it alters some colours of ink. Steel is growing in popularity as an etching substrate. Prices of copper and zinc have steered steel to an acceptable alternative. The line quality of steel is less fine than copper but finer than zinc. Steel has a natural and rich aquatint.

The type of metal used for the plate impacts the number of prints the plate will produce. The firm pressure of the printing press slowly rubs out the finer details of the image with every pass through. With relatively soft copper, for example, the etching details will begin to wear very quickly, some copper plates show extreme wear after only ten prints. Steel, on the other hand, is incredibly durable. This wearing out of the image over time is one of the reasons prints created early in a numbered series tend to be valued more highly. The total number of prints an artist would like to produce are taken in to account when choosing the metal.

disposing of paint thinners

allow the can to be open so the vapors air out, placing it in the sun can speed up this process. allow the liquid to dissolve and then wrap up the crystals in paper and discard in the trash.

call your local hazardous waste information to find out where to take your used paint thinner. 

OSHA-

U.S occupational safety and health administration regulation. 

dutch mordant (seen in etch plates) -hydrochloric acid plus potassium chlorate --- if mixed with any carbon source is a pyrotechnic- if dust gets in it or too hot it can have a explosive reaction

the smaller the TLV the less is allowed in a workplace air. 

Gamsol is the highest TLV a solvent made of odorless mineral spirit- Gamblin Artists Colors Co- a greatly reduced toxic levels of paint materials. 

turp is a toxic chemical and needs to be brought to a center

main difference is the concentration of pigments. his makes Artist grade paints more economical in the long run as they can be extended further.  Also, Artist grade paints mix better and have truer color because there are no extenders that are sometimes found in Student grade paints. 

Student grade paints do not have the same mixability and tinting strength as do artist grade paints, but work moderately well when those traits are not a concern.

 limestone- composed of mineral calcite (calcium carbonate) 

thought blackboard chalk is composed of gypsum. (calcium sulfate)

 carbon residue and remaining ash- need fixative 

used for making parsemage: surrealist technique of charcoal dustings that are put on paper with water and then scrapped off with stiff cardboard just under the waters surface.

burning sticks of wood (willow or linden) into consistancys 

 usually used to tone areas.

charcoal powder mixed with a gum binder- amt of binder determines the hardness of stick. used in charcoal pencils. 

composed of compressed powdered graphite and charcoal mixed with wax or clay base.

now manufactured using natural pigments (iron oxides, carbon black, titanium dioxide,) clay (kaolin) and binder (cellulose ether)

usually found in black white or sanguine tones, as well as bistre,  shades of gray, and others.

can be used to sketch under pastel paintings or lay down initial layers before using dry pastels.

bright spectrum hues- mix better on paper than hard pastels. can be used on primed canvases for underdrawings for a painting.

edged sticks made good use for hatched work over pastels. 

: reddish brown chalk.

Bistre

a brownish yellow pigment made from the soot of burned wood.

a stick of colored wax, charcoal, chalk, or other materials. 

Crayon made of oiled chalk is called Oil pastel. 

Pastels

s made of colored hardened grease- can be used for marking on hard glossy surfaces like porcelain and glass. 

 allotrope of carbon. 

Marker Pen: usually a ink source that is pressed into fibres such as felt. 

Permanent marker: ink usually comprises of a main carrier solvent, a glyceride, and a pyrrolidone, a resein and a colorant.  glass, plastic, wood, metal or stone. resistant to rubbing and water. could often be removed with chemicals such as acetone.

Highlighters: has a fluorescent ink. colored with pyranine- glows in black light

Non-permanent marker: also known as a whiteboard marker or dry erasable marker, uses an ink that adheres to the writing surface without binding or being absorbed. 

Security makers: cant be seen without ultraviolet light. fluorescent but invisible inks. 

reed pens, quill pens, and dip pens were used in ancient time, with nibs.  Ruling pens allow precise adjustment with a line width.

Ballpoint:

oil based ink with rolling hard sphere made of brass steel or tungsten carbide.

 flexible metal point can variety of lines, textures, and slight pressures while drawing.

water-based liquid of gel ink through ball sphere like ball point.  Less viscious ink is more easily absorbed by paper then oil-based ink. combines ballpoint pen with a "wet ink" of fountain pen. can be found in metallic paints or glitter effects.

water-based liquid ink through a nib, flows from a feed due to capillary action and gravity.

(nib pen) metal nib and capillary channels like fountain pen, often made of wood. must repeatedly be dipped- can use india inks, drawing inks, or acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain pen with clogging. also iron gall ink, now mainly used for illustration, calligraphy, and comics.

traditional writing implement in East Asian calligraphy. Body is made from bamboo, head is made from hair or feathers of animals.  

made from a flight feather of a large bird. used for writing with ink before the metal dip pen or fountain. used in medieval times for writing on parchment or paper. eventually replaced reed pen. 

cut from a reed or bamboo, with a slit in the narrow tip. mostly disappeared but used in parts of India and Pakistan who learn to write on timber boards called Takhti.

a thin material made from calfskin, sheepskin, or goatskin, often split. Uses were writing,books, pages of a manuscript. limited and cannot be tanned. not waterproof, reactive to changes in humidity. Finer qualities of parchment are called Vellum. 

 unsplit cow-hide 

"made from calf" a mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices or books. generally smooth and durable.

 a durable and flexible material created by tanning of putrescible animal rawhide and skin. 

the process of treating skins of animal produce leather which is more durable and less susceptible to decomposition.  Usually used tannin, an acidic chemical compound.

-Ancient Indians were first to use the pen

-Ancient egyptians developed writing on papyrus scrolls using reed pens. 

-Reed pens were used in middle ages until replaced by quills about the 7th century. 

-Copper nib was found in showing used in the year 79. 

a liquid of paste that contains pigments and/or dyes. thicker inks are used for drawing/writing and thicker are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing.  Ink can be a complexed medium.  The inks carrier, colorants, and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry. usually involve colorants, vehicles (binders) additives carrier substances.

Can fall into four classes: Aqueous, Liquid, Paste, Powder

something added to something else to cause a change in color.  a dye pigment or other substance that colors something.

olor is created by mixing the visible light emitted from differently colored light sources. in contrast to subtractive colors where light is removed from various parts of the visible spectrum to create colors. additive reproduction usually uses red green and blue light to produce other colors. Subtractive colors are used in paints and pigments and color filters. 

of containing water, typically as a solvent of medium. 

are usually stronger than pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a given density of per unit of mass. However, because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase, they have a tendency to soak into paper, making the ink less efficient and could bleed at the edges of the image.  To solve this made with solvent that dry rapidly or quick-drying methods of printing, or harder paper sizing, or specialized paper coatings.  also dyes can have an increased intensity appearance.

is any one of numerous specific substances that is applied to or incorporated in other material, especially papers and textiles, to act as a protecting filler or glaze. Sizing is used in papermaking and textile manufacturing to change the absorption and wear characteristics of those materials; it is used as a surface preparation for gilding(the process of applying gold leaf or gold paint); and it is used by painters and artists to prepare paper and textile surfaces for some art  Used in paper manufacture to reduce the papers tendency when dry to absorb liquid, with the goal of allowing inks and paints to remain on the surface of the paper to dry rather then being absorbed. provides a more consistent, economical, and precise printing, painting, and writing surface. This is achieved by curbing the paper fibers' tendency to absorb liquids by capillary action. In addition, sizing affects abrasiveness, creasibility, finish, printability, smoothness, and surface bond strength and decreases surface porosity and fuzzing. There are three categories of papers with respect to sizing: unsized (water-leaf), weak sized (slack sized), and strong sized (hard sized). Waterleaf has low water resistance and includes absorbent papers for blotting. Slack sized paper is somewhat absorbent and includes newsprint, while hard sized papers have the highest water resistance, such as coated fine papers and liquid packaging board. There are two types of sizing: internal sizing, sometimes also called engine sizing, and surface sizing (tub sizing). Internal sizing is applied to almost all papers and especially to all those that are machine made, while surface sizing is added for the highest grade bond, ledger, and writing papers.

wood-derived material most paper is made of, is naturally charged, and so a compound that complexes with both the dye and the paper's surface aids retention at the surface. Such a compound in common use in ink-jet printing inks is usually used.

 besides fibers and cellulose, additives such as chalk or china clay can be added into the pulp to improve the paper for printing and writing. Additives for sizing purposes and to alter its physical properties for use in various applications. Coated paper has a thin layer of material such as calcium carbonate or china clay applied to one or both sides in order to create a surface more suitable for high-resolution halftone screens. (Uncoated papers are rarely suitable for screens above 150 lpi.) Coated or uncoated papers may have their surfaces polished by calendering. Coated papers are divided into matte, semi-matte or silk, and gloss. Gloss papers give the highest optical density in the printed image.  Paper is measured by caliper. and characterized by weight. In US, the weight assigned to paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of basic sizes before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. Coverstock is generally 68lbs, and 100lbs or more is considered cardstock. 

is a recognizable image or pattern in paper that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness when viewed by transmitted light (or when viewed by reflected light, atop a dark background), caused by thickness or density variations in the paper.There are two main ways of producing watermarks in paper; the dandy roll process, and the more complex cylinder mould process.

-History of chinese inks to back to 18th century BC with natural plants, animal, and mineral inks based on materials like graphite that were ground with water and applied with ink brushes. 

-the india ink made in ancient india was called masi and was made of burnt bones, tar, pitch, and other substances. 

-paper and pulp papermaking process was said to be developed in china during early 2nd century ad

a soft mixture of lime with sand or cement and water for spreading on walls, ceilings, or other structures to form a smooth hard surface when dried. Plaster may be cast directly into a damp clay mold. In creating this piece molds (molds designed for making multiple copies) or waste molds (for single use) would be made of plaster. This "negative" image, if properly designed, may be used to produce clay productions, which when fired in a kiln become terra cotta building decorations, or these may be used to create cast concrete sculptures. 

If a plaster positive was desired this would be constructed or cast to form a durable image artwork. As a model for stonecutters this would be sufficient. If intended for producing a bronze casting the plaster positive could be further worked to produce smooth surfaces. An advantage of this plaster image is that it is relatively cheap; should a patron approve of the durable image and be willing to bear further expense, subsequent molds could be made for the creation of a wax image to be used in lost wax casting, a far more expensive process. In lieu of producing a bronze image suitable for outdoor use the plaster image may be painted to resemble a metal image; such sculptures are suitable only for presentation in a weather-protected environment. Plaster expands while hardening, then contracts slightly just before hardening completely. This makes plaster excellent for use in molds, and it is often used as an artistic material for casting. Plaster is also commonly spread over an armature (form), usually made of wire, mesh or other materials, a process raised details. For these processes, limestone or acrylic based plaster may be employed.

a hard white substance made by the addition of water to powdered and partly dehydrated gypsum, used for holding broken bones in place and making sculptures and casts.

process of painting on wet plaster called Intonaco. a second coating on the dry plaster is called Secco.

a paint that is commonly called tempera although its not, consisting of glue size and is used in the classroom.

long lasting, examples from 1AD, taking over by oil paints, consists of pigment and a binder usually egg yolk-fast drying.

the band name of a acrylic resin paint. sold by Bocour Artist Colors Inc. in 1947. very different from modern acrylic as its composed of pigments ground in a acrylic resin brought into emulsion through the use of solvents. developed a "true" arcylic paint in 1960 name aqua-Tec. modern acrylic paint is water soluble while magna is miscible with turpentine or mineral spirit though both can dry rapidly to a matte glossy finish. soon after a waterborne acrylic paint called Aquatec  was made. Magna paints became commercially available in the 1950s.

first product lines were Politec Acrylic Artists Colors in Mexico and Permanent Pigments Co of Ohio. (liquitex colors) Water-based acrylics were sold as "latex" house paints, though there was no latex derived from a rubber tree. These water-soluble acrylic paints became commercially available in the 50s offered by Liquitex. Isopropyl alcohol can lift some fresh paint films off and toluene and acetone can remove paint films but they do not lift stains well. Oils can remove acrylic paint from skin. Support Induced Discoloration (SID) only in acrylics- to avoid use primer or gesso.

can change the chroma( the brightness of the color), value, hue and texture of the surface. drying time will depend on the amount and type of paint medium used in the glaze. The medium, base, or vehicle is the mixture to which the dry pigment is added. glazes are thin transparent layers of paint. can give a glowing effect in oil paints. for wall glazing the entire surface is covered, showing traces of texture. either oil or water based are used, kerosene or linseed oil can be used to extend the working time for oil glazes. water based can sometimes be thinned with glycerin. 

used as a paint product that allows paint to adhere much better. forms a binding layer that is better prepared to receive the paint.  Often used when painting kinds of porous materials like concrete and especially wood. primer is mandatory is the material isnt water resistant.  Priming gypsum (drywall) is also a standard practice with new construction to prevent mold. primers for metal is recommended if a part is exposed to moisture. (if water hits the bare metal oxidation will occur and it will rust) metal primers might contain sacrificial zinc. using a primer for plastic is only needed when making a drastic color change.

a type of black japanese ink prepared in solid sticks and used for painting and writing.

synthetic resin or plastic consisting of polyvinyl chloride or a related polymer, esp used for wallpapers and other covering materials and for phonograph records.

 a method originally used in indonesia of producing colored design on textiles by dyeing them, having first applied wax to the parts to be left undyed. 

resembles a putty knife with a rounded tip, is used for mixing paints on the palette.

 with a pointed tip, lowered or "cranked" suited for painting on canvas. 

given in mm or inches, referring to width of the head. bristles may be natural or synthetic, if filaments (threadlike fiber) are synthetic, could be polyester nylon or both. filaments can be hollow or solid and can be tapered (to reduce thickness towards the tip) or untapered. Brushes with tapered filaments give a smoother finish. Synthetic filaments last longer than natural bristles. Natural are preferred for oil-based paints and vanishes and synthetic are better for water-based paints as bristles do not expand when wetted. quality of the brush depends on: filament retention, paint pick up, steadiness of paint release, brush marks, drag and precision painting. A chiseled brush permits the painter to cut into tighter corners and paint more precisely. Handles may be wood, plastic, ferrules  are metal (usually nickel-plated steel) 

short handled brushes are for water-color and long are for oil or acrylic. sizes for brushes from smallest to largest- 20/0 -000-00-0-1-30.. sizes 000 and 20 are most common. 

Any paint can be sprayed through an airbrush as long as it is thinned to the consistency of milk or water.  You can thin paint with the appropriate thinner, using water (for water-based paints), turpentine or lacquer thinner for solvent-based paints. Any properly reduced paint can be sprayed through the airbrush but I suggest you use a good quality paint with lots of pigment or you will lose the hue and have anemic looking colors by the time you thin it down enough to spray through the airbrush. In the beginning, I strongly recommend using airbrush-ready paints, such as Badger’s Air Opaque or Air Tex.  These paints are specially formulated for airbrushing and will produce the desired results.  Once you become familiar with the airbrush, feel free to experiment with paints!!  You can spray all sorts of properly reduced paints through the airbrush including acrylics, watercolors, enamels (water or oil based) lacquers, inks, fabric paints, oils, and even varnishes.  There is no limit to what you can spray!!  From fine arts to base coating wood and metals, the range is unlimited.

Boasting:the first stage where the work is 'roughed out; hammer, pitcher, and point. 

Shaping: second phase that occurs after major areas have been previously defined; claws, chisels, mallets, rasps, files, and fifflers are all suitable to use

carving: most artistic stage where the actual work is ultimately created; finer tools such as smaller clisels, gouges, hammers, saws, and pneumatic tools are employed

Finishing: the final phase where texture is defined; grinders and electric sanders are often employed here. 

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Sandpaper, also known as glasspaper,^[1] is a heavy paper with abrasive material attached to its surface.

Sandpaper is part of the "coated abrasives" family of abrasive products. It is used to remove small amounts of material from surfaces, either to make them smoother (paintingand wood finishing), to remove a layer of material (e.g. old paint), or sometimes to make the surface rougher (e.g. as a preparation to gluing).

is a form of illumination used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs). As LCDs do not produce light themselves (unlike for example Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays), they need illumination (ambient light or a special light source) to produce a visible image

corner clamp: used to hold together two strips of material at right angles while the joint is secured, as in framing works of art.

The main advantage of an SLR camera is that it gives the photographer a better view of the image that will be captured. Prior to the development of SLR cameras, the viewfinder provided only 

an approximation of the image. In recent years, the SLR viewfinder has been replaced in many cameras with an LCD preview window.

is a camera accessory consisting of an optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path. The filter can be a square or oblong shape mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk with a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed in front of or clipped onto the lens. Filters modify the images recorded. Many filters absorb part of the light available, necessitating longer exposure.

protractor: a measurement tool in the shape of a semi-circle that is used for constructing angles.  The particular stella work shown was created by placing the vortex of the protractor on the canvas and then tracing the edge of the produce uniform shapes.

compass: an instrument for drawing circles and arcs and measuring distances between points, consisting of two arms linked by a movable joint, one arm ending in a point and the other usually carrying a pencil or pen.

method of carving an object such as an engraved gem, item of jewelry or vessel made in this manner. It nearly always features a raised (positive) relief image; contrast with intaglio, which has a negative image. usually the background and carving contrast in color

is a brand of non-hardening modeling clay sold by Spanish company JOVI and its subsidiaries. JOVI Modeling Clay, Plastilina, is mainly composed of vegetable matter, making it lighter and giving 33% more volume.