Term
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Definition
- Name: Stonehenge
- Location: Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England
- Artist/Architect: unknown
- Period/Style: Prehistoric
- Siginficance
- represents tremendous organization of labor and egineering skills
- materials weighed up to 50 tons and traveled from 23-200 miles away
- evidence of meticulous stone working
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Venus figures (Woman of Willendorf)
- Artist:unknown
- Location:southern France
- Medium/Method: limestone
- Period/style: prehistoric
- Significance:
- abstract piece reduced to basic shapes
- stresses fertility
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Dipylon Vase
- Location: Athens
- Period: Archaic Greek - Geometric
- Artist: unknown Athenian
- Medium/method: belly-handled amphora
- Significance:
- Represented a woman in its shape
- height over 5' tall
- used in funerals
- narrative scene
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Term
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Definition
- Name: New York Kouros (Youth)
- Location: Crete
- Medium/Method: marble statue
- Artist: unknown
- Period: Archaic Greek
- Significance:
- Truly free standing - earliest large stone images of human figure that can stand on own
- incorporated empty space
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Central portion of west pediment of Temple of Artemis
- Location: Corfu
- Period: Archaic Greek
- Medium/method: nearly in the round, limestone
- Significance:
- strong undercut of the figures so they seem independent
- narrative on pediment
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Kroisos (Kouros from Anavysos)
- Period: Archaic Greek
- Medium/method: life-size marble statue
- Significance:
- much more advanced than the New York Kouros
- more naturalistic statue
- not linear, but curved and looks as though the body could function
- proportions of face more naturalistic
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Battle of the Gods and Giants
- Location: north frieze of the Treasury of the Siphnians, Delphi
- Period: Archaic Greek
- Medium: marble
- Significance:
- Only a few inches deep, but several planes are created
- objects nearest to fewer in the round
- more intense action than ever seen in reliefs
- great stride in depicting the human body in naturalistic motion
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Term
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Definition
- Name: East pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
- Period: Archaic Greek
- Significance:
- used allegory to elevate historial events
- fully in the round, independent of stone background
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Dying Warrior, from the west pediment of the Temple of Alphaia
- Medium: marble, in the round
- Period: Archaic Greek (earlier)
- Significance:
- human suffering
- advances towards realism, but less natural than the later east pediment
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Dying Warrior from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia
- Medium: marble
- Period: Archaic Greek (later)
- Significance:
- showed the advances towards realism compared to the west pediment from earlier in the period
- balanced precariously on shield and can see movement of his weight pulling him to the ground
- body twisted from the waist with the left shoulder in a new plane
- more organic than earlier warrior
- breaks the head-on stare and awkward pose
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Kritios Boy
- Location: Akropolis
- Artist: Athenian sculptor Kritios
- Period: Archaic/Classical Greek (480 BCE)
- Medium:marble statue
- Significance:
- differs from earlier Archaic kouroi
- first suriviving statue that stands in the full sense of the word
- first shifting of weight, creating calculated asymmetry in the sides of body, and suggests muscles
- stands at ease, creates movment in the musculature
- contrapposto/chiastic pose
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Zeus
- Medium/Method: bronze statue
- Period: Classical Greek
- Location: in the sea near the Greek coast
- Significance:
- sculptor captures and contrasts action and firm stability
- expresses god's power
- strength of bronze allows limbs to stretch out and stay in tact
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Diskobolos (Discus Thrower)
- Artist: Myron
- Medium: Roman copie in marble of Greek bronze
- Period: Classical Greek
- Significance:
- sequence of movements in a single pose
- arms in same plane as legs with the twist of the torso
- conveys the essence of action by presenting coiled figure in perfect balance
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)
- Artist: Roman copy of Polykleitos'
- Location: Argos
- Medium: Roman marble copy of bronze statue
- Period: Classical Greek
- Significance:
- chiastic pose
- more empathetic than in Kritios Boy
- turn of the head very pronounced
- ideal system of proportion and related all the parts to the whole
- addresses composition and movement
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Riace Warrior A
- Location: in the sea off Riace, Italy
- Medium: over-life-size bronze with silver
- Period: Classical Greek
- Significance:
- oustanding preservation and extraordinarily fine work
- used wax technique
- more details in hair, and silver used for teeth and ivory nipples, and glass-paste eyes
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs
- Medium: marble slightly over life-size
- Location: west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olypmia
- Period: Classical Greek
- Significance:
- Apollo's calm pose removes him from the action around him
- massive and simple forms, with soft contours and undulating surfaces
- entangle the characters
- expressed struggle in faces and action and gesture
- conflict between rational and irrational, order and dchaos
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Parthenon
- Location: Akropolis, Athens
- Artists: Iktinos and Kallikrates
- Period: Classical Greek
- Medium: white marble from Mount Pentelikon
- Significance:
- temple to the goddess Athena
- largest and most lavish temple of its time in Greece
- not from local material, rich
- initiated a new interest in the embellishment of interior space
- not symmetrical, made to be an optical illusion
- Doric style outside, Ionic inside
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Three goddesses from east pediment of the Parthenon
- Location: Parthenon, Akropolis
- Medium: over life size marble
- Period: Classical Greek
- Significance:
- contrast between implied power and languid poses
- swirling drapery masterpiece
- garments cling to bodies as if wet, concealing and revealing flesh
- garments twist around bodies rather than follow the line of the body
- optical device of seeing them as if two-dimensional from only the front, but at the same time broadcasting their three-dimensionality
- Phedian Drapery: wet look
- This type of fabric doesnt exist, but looks so real that it's believable
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Nike
- Location: Temple of Athan Nike
- Period: Classical
- Artist: Phedian style
- Medium: balustrade marble
- Significance:
- genre (everyday, ordinary) as she takes off her shoe to step on holy ground
- Victory figure with wings
- deeply cut folding in drapery and wet look
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Grave Stele of Hegeso
- Period: Classical Greek
- Medium: marble grave marker
- Artist: Phedian style
- Location: Athens
- Significance:
- quiet mood, genre
- Pheidian style drapery
- low relief, understated, drawn to lap/jewelry with higher relief
- relief in back merges with the background
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Temple of Athena Nike
- Period: Classical Greek
- Location: Akropolis, Athens
- Arist: possibly Kallikrates
- Medium/method: Ionic marble temple
- Significance:
- probably designed to celebrate the Athenian victory over the Persians
- first structure to greek visitors to the Akropolis
- jewel-like structure because of the decorative quality of the Ionic style
- Ionic structures are small treasures
- one of the finest surviving Ionic structures
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Aphrodite of Knidos
- Period: Late Classical Greek - Hellenistic
- Artist: Praxiteles
- Medium: Roman marble copy after original marble statue
- Significance:
- first nude momumental statue of a goddess in the Greek world
- people of Kos commissioned a cult statue from Praxiteles and they rejected the nude for a draped version
- appeal was in the eroticism of her appearance
- she is either about to bathe or running from a bath
- uncertainty on Aphrodite's intentions for a view creates the erotic quality
- viewer has more involved role than Classical period; sculpture invited physical and emotional enagement
- people fell in love with her, placed in a location where she caused shipwrecks
- original no longer survives, but hundreds of copies
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Apoxyomenos (scraper)
- Artist: Lysippos
- Period: Late Classical Greek and Hellenistic
- Medium: marble Roman copy, probably after a bronze
- Significance:
- more slender proportions, head is 1/8 of body length rather than 1/7 as Polykleitos had
- leans furher back in chiastic pose with Praxiteles influence
- is in diaglogue with Polykleitos' Doryphoros
- diagonal line of the leg suggests freedom of movement
- outstretched arm reaches into viewers' space
- entices viewer to move around the piece to understand the full range of action
- breaks the primacy of the frontal view for a standing figure
- sculpture deliberately contains space within its composition
- challenges oppposition between sculpture and environment and makes the two merge
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Epigonos of Pergamon (?) Dying Trumpeter
- Medium: probably a Roman copy after a bronze original
- Period: Hellenistic
- Location: probably from one of two statue bases found in the Sanctuary of Athena on the Akropolis of Pergamon
- Significance:
- no longer Classical tradition of referring to the enemies through mythological analogy
- indentifies the enemy through his bushy hair and mustache and braided gold band around his neck
- he dies nobaly
- viewer drawn in by privateness of the moment as he dies alone
- drawn around sculpture by the pyramidal composition
- momument celebrates the conqueror's valor by exalting the enemy he overcame
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Nike of Samothrace
- Artist: possibly Pythokritos of Rhodes
- Location: Rhodes island, Sanctuary of the Great Gods at Samothrace
- Period: Hellenisitc
- Medium: marble
- Significance:
- celebrates the naval vicoties of Edamos over Antiochos the Great
- she could either be landing on the prow of a ship, or about to take flight
- lift of the wings make the statue appear weightless
- neither leg holds the body's full weight
- wings and drapery give it enery
- swirling drapery suggests motion of the headwind she struggles against
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Aphrodie, Pan, and Eros
- Period: Hellenistic
- Mediuim: marble
- Location: culbhouse ofa a group of merchants from Ferytus on Delos
- Significance:
- Rococo style, or parody
- Aphrodite weilds a slipper to fend off Pan, a half-man, half-goat, and Eros hovers mischeivously between them.
- sensuous roundness and modest hand gesture of Aphrodite suggest Praxiteles' bathing Apthrodite of Knidos
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Drunken Old Woman
- Medium: Roman copy of Greek original marble
- Period: Hellenistic
- Artisti: possibly Myron of Thebes
- Significance:
- illustrates the everyday life of Hellenistic sculputres
- wrinkles are prominant, and skin sags
- she's a member of the social class as seen by her buckled tunic
- may be an ironic dialogue with figures of Aphrodite with her water vessel
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Laocoön
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Medium: Marble in the round
- Location: Esquiline Hill in Rome
- Significance:
- its is unknown whether or not this piece is a Classical work, because of the powerful tension between the subjects, a Hellenistic work because of the baroque style, a Roman copy of a Hellenistic work because of the slab of Carrar marble in the back, or if it's an imperial work
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Brutus
- Period: Republican Rome
- Medium: modern bronze bust, slightly over-life-size
- Significance:
- derives its power from the creases and furrows that record a life of engagement
- rare bronze, as most were melted down to make coins or weapons
- Strong features include a solid neck, a square jaw, accentuated by a short beard, high cheekbones, and a firm brow to honor him
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Veristic Male Portrait
- Period: Rupublican Rome
- Medium: life-size marble
- Significance:
- most Republican portraits represented men at old age
- remnants of a veil suggest he is a priest
- detail in the wrinkles covering face, etching of depp crags into their cheeks and brows, played-up warts, hooked nose, and receding hairline
- Verisitc=true, so life-like
- reponsibility and experience came with seniority so an image marked by age conveyed the necessary qualities for winning votes for political office
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Colosseum
- Location: Rome
- Period: Republican Rome
- Medium: concerete, faced with travertine
- Significance:
- first permanent ampitheater for the gladitorial games and mock sea battles
- was one of the largest single buildings anywhere
- held well over 50,000 spectators
- concrete was the secret to its success
- made up of 80 radial barrel-vaulted wedges
- many stairways and corridors allowed smooth flow of traffic between entrances and seating areas
- exterior reflected the structure's interior organization
- 80 arched entrances, framed with Tuscan columns
- Ionic columns framed second set of archs, and Corinthian columns engaged on the third set
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Forum of Tajan
- Location: Rome
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Significance:
- financed with the spoils of Trajan's war against the Dacians
- Last and largest forum
- statues are captice Dacians carved from exotic marbles rathe than caryatids
- two libraries are past the basillica, and a temple where Trajan's Column stood.
- Message of the Forum: the Dacian Wars brought Rome great financial benefit
- lined by stoas and apses (circular areas to create more light)
- Bureacracy center
- symmetrical
- inside, outside, inside experience
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Pantheon
- Location: Rome
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Artist: Agrippa, Domitian-fire reconstruction, Apollodorus - today's Pantheon
- Medium/method: concrete
- Significance:
- most remarkable Roman architects accomplished with concrete
- intended temple to all the gods
- Hellenistic concept, included living and deceased members of the ruling family among the gods
- fire destroyed it in 80CE and lightning strike after rebuilt
- one of the best preserved temples of Rome because of transformation to a church
- Roman times, it stood on a raised podium
- very tall pediment
- brings together geometric forms of triangle, circle, square, or child's drawing of a house
- only approach from the front
- in plan, it's a perfect circle in the center and in elevation
- 35' opening at top to serve as light source
- 142' of uninterrupted space w/o supports
- coffers in ceiling to reduce amount of weight from the concrete
- built under Emporer Haydrion who admired Greece
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Augustus of Primaporta
- Medium: possibly Roman copy of marble statue
- Location: at his villa
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Significance:
- served as source image of multiple copies of Augustus who was the Great first emporer of Rome
- speaking gesture, denoting something
- dressed in metal armor
- born in Aphrodite's lineage, so dolphin with Venus on his chest - claiming his family image
- combines military genius with being a normal citizen of Rome - cape as toge and bare feet suggest modesty
- Augustus models Doryphoros - identical walking pose, movement and at rest simultaneously, Doryphoros a boy yet a man, while August is a man with young features
- drapery serves to catch sunlight and create movement
- hands almost as expressive as words
- probably a colored sculpture
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
- Medium: Bronze in the round, over life-size
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Significance:
- survived because it was misidentified at Constantine while Christians were detroying many Paegan works of art
- only emporers are depicted on horses
- like the charioteer-Greek ideal of being more powerful
- importance of emporer and his control over his horse
- would've held an orb in left hand as a sign of the empirial office-holds the world in his hand
- right hand=blessing gesture
- represented in simple toga-one of the people/ commoners
- quality of individuality
- beard a sign of old wisdom modeled after Greek philosophers
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Imperial Procession south frieze of Ara Pacis Augustae
- Medium: marble frieze
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Significance:
- portray member sof the imperial family interspersed with the college of priests and senators
- record particular event on the day of the altar's dedication - thanksgiving to the gods
- resemblance to Greek Parthenon friezes and show preference for Greek styles in the Augustan age
- inclusion of women denotes the importance of dynasty
- alter for animal sacrifice
- high relief with varied levels of relief that show Augustus family interaction
- much deeper than Parthenon relief, almsot life-sized and at face height rather than up above, Greece make their gods into men, while in Rome they make their men into gods
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Relief in the bay of Arch of Titus
- Medium: marble relief
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Significance:
- shows procession of spoils from the Temple in Jerusalem
- marks imporant move toward spatial illusionism
- two ranks of figures appear, carved in different levels of relief
- background figures seem to fade into the distance
- shows what happens inside the arch, soldiers marching bringing the spoils back from Jerusalme
- probably was painted, half relief
- becomes more dense in the middle
- opposite his army is the emporer himself riding in a four-horse chariot - relief swells in the middle
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Column of Trajan
- Location: Rome to the west of Trajan's forum
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Medium: marble
- Significance:
- celebrates the last conquest of the Roman Empire
- represents an unwound scroll
- celebrates the Trajan's conquest of the Dacia (last piece of Roman Empire added)
- shows a narrative - allowing of time place and action that could go on and on and on or start wherever (chronicles)
- shows allocutio: addressing of the troops by the emporer
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Scenes of Dionysiac Mystery Cult
- Location: Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
- Period: Republican Rome
- Medium/method: Second Style wall painting
- Significance:
- located outside the gates of the city of Pompeii
- unlike many other houses-missing sleepign cubicles and kitchen
- probably a cult center, religious initiation place
- unknown quite what is is/what the frescos mean
- pompeii red paintings with frieze
- starts with people in procession, engaging with viewers
- young initiator and running/frightening woman
- whipping of initiate by windged figure across the corner of the two walls
- figures engaging with figures across the room
- barriers between viewer and painting are dissolved
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Second Style Wall Painting
- Location: Villa of Publius Fannius Synistory at Boscoreal, near Pompeii
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Medium: Fresco on lime plaster
- Significance:
- Egyptian decor on the floor
- very decorate, painting walls that help to expand the space
- small room with little light from barred window
- ivory bed
- standing lamps to add more light would have been used there
- painted parapet runs around the lower part of the wall, resting on it are columns, which support a cornice
- receding away from the foreground, in a range of different perspectives, stoas and tholoi and secni gazebos mingle with one another in a maze of architectural fantasy
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Second Style wall painting of garden
- Location: Villa of Livia at Primaporta
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Medium: Second Style painting
- Significance:
- in the most luxurious building outside of Rome
- Livia's retreat space
- originally barrel vault
- garden scene along the walls
- compared to Monet's garden, art in the round
- 3D space with two fences and variety of trees, fruits, and birds
- plants and birds are indentifiable from the detail
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Basilica of Maxentius, renamed of Constantine
- Period: Imperial Rome
- Significance:
- largest roofed interior in Rome
- three aisles, but only the north one still stands
- barrel vaults covered the lateral aisles, and the wider, taller central aisle of nave was covered with three massive groin vaults
- Large statue of Constantine inside
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Term
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Definition
- Name: abbey church of Saint-Denis
- Period: Gothic
- Artist: Suger, abbot
- Medium: stone with wood framing
- Location: just outside of Paris
- Significance:
- was designed to emphasize the relationship between Saint-Denis and the French monarchy
- complicated apses and vault lines
- rib vaulting
- barrel to rib vaulting
- thrust is supported by buttresses
- turned engineering into aesthetic
- skeletal structure on the outside
- luminosity is the highest balue achieved in the new structure of St. Denis
- required a very structured foundation that took a lot of time to build up
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Chartres cathedral of Notre-Dame
- Location: west façade, Chartres, France
- Period: Gothic
- Medium: stone with a wood structure frame
- Significance:
- fire burnt all but the eastern crypt in 1194 where the relic of the Virgin Mary was held- her viel
- the rebuilding was assymmetrical, but it wasn't look down upon as it might have been in Roman times
- it made it more grandeur
- well known for its school and scriptorium, it was where one would go to college, and helped with the growth of scholasticism
- Charte is embedded in its town, houses and buildings were built up against side of church
- political, judicial, and cultural center
- dedicated to the Virgin Mary
- the height of the cathedral seems to lift people into heaven and the interior draws you in
- faces the West, as Christians focused on the afterlife and the setting sun
- outer skeleton serves to inhance the inside
- main doorway is more decorated, with 3 doors - the trinity
- 3 windows surrounding 1 window - trinity and God
- incorporated numerology and the science of numbers
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Term
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Definition
- Name: main window in Chartres
- Medium: Stained glass window
- Significance:
- included numerology
- most important window on the building
- God is described as a perfect circle, with no beginning or end, just as the window
- window is an eye of God, he is all seeing
- you know the images that are within the window without actually being able to see it up close, as it is so high
- Christ in the center with 4 rows of 12 around it -12 apostles
- these interior spaces were largely dark except for the stained glass windows
- light as a metaphor for God
- colored light represents heaven pouring down devine light into the cathedral
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Term
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Definition
- Name: Jamb statues
- Location: west portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartes
- Medium: essentially statues in the round with bases
- Significance:
- use of drapery in a naturalistic sense
- Gothics less interested in naturalistic, most in abstraction with stretched out bodies, drapery emphasizing lengths
- faces and heads still very naturalistic at the same time, portrait-like
- essentially they could be detached from their supports, made possible only by borrowing the cylindrical shape of the column for the human figure
- continuous sequence linking all three portals that together represent the prophets, kings, and queens of the Hebrew Bible
- purpose is to acclaim the rulers of France as their spiritual descendants, and to stress the harmony of spiritual and secular rule, of priests and kings - ideals previously put forward by Abbot Sugar
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