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| means literally "controversy or comparison." During the Middle Ages, the _______ between different arts and sciences was a frequent literary theme. The dispute on the superiority or either painting or sculpting was the last and most persistant instance of the _______. The reason for the controversy was that artists wanted to be admitted among the members of the seven liberal arts, which would free them from corporate rules and restrictions, and secure them a higher social status. While Leonardo da Vinci argued that painting was superior, Michelangelo favored sculpting. |
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the process of giving ceramic items a tin-based glaze which is white, glossy, and opaque. The opacity and whiteness of tin-glaze make it valued by its ability to decorate with color
Example: Orphan. c 1487. This is one of the glazed terracotta roundels from the Loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence, Italy, 1419. Brunelleschi designed the Loggia, but in 1487 Andrea della Robbia, nephew of Luca della Robbia, added more color with these roundels, one above each column, depicting a baby in swaddling clothes—the only indication on the building’s façade of its charitable function. (582-583). |
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A flat, rectangular,vertical member projecting from a wall of which it forms a part. It usually has a base and a capital and is often fluted. It is different from a column
Example: Leon Battista Alberti and Bernardo Rosellion, Palazzo Rucellai, Florence, Italy, 15th c. ______ define each story. Bottom ________ are Doric; middle are Ionic; and top are Corinthian; order is based on the Roman Colosseum’s façade. This Roman technique makes the top layer seem lighter than the bottom. However, Alberti adapted the Colosseum’s varied surface with engaged columns to a flat façade with ________. It has flat, two-dimensional qualities. (587-588). |
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| The study of seemingly magical changes, especially chemical changes. ______ is a prominent theme of the "Garden of Earthly Delights" (16th c.) by Hieronymus Bosch. Details are based on chemical apparatus of the day, which Bosch knew well because his inlaws were pharmacists.(p. 644-645) |
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| A distorted image that must be viewed by some special means (such as a mirror) to be recognized. "The French Ambassadors" (16th c.) by Hans Holbein the Younger features an anamorphic skull |
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The traditional blanket designation for European art from 1600 to 1750. The stylistic term "_______," which describes art that features dramatic theatricality and elaborate ornamentation in contrast to the simplicity and orderly rationality of "Renaissance" art, is most appropriately applied to Italian art of this period. The term derives from "barroco," which is Portuguese for "irregularly shaped pearl."
Gianlorenzo Bernini, Cornaro Chapel, Rome, Italy, 17th c. In the Cornaro Chapel, Bernini, the quintessential _________ artist, marshaled the full capabilities of architecture, sculpture, and painting to create an intensely emotional experience for worshippers. The entire Cornaro Chapel becomes a theater for the production of this mystical drama. The passionate drama of Bernini’s depiction of Saint Teresa correlated with the ideas of Ignatius Loyola, who argued that the re-creation of spiritual experience would encourage devotion and piety. |
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| In drawing or painting, the treatment and use of light and dark, especially the gradations of light that produce the effect of modeling. Leonardo da Vinci's "Madonna on the Rocks" (16th c.) provides a good example of this |
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| The art and culture of ancient Greece between 480 and 323 BCE. Lowercase "________" refers more generally to Greco-Roman art and culture. |
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| A vertical, weight-carrying architectural member, circular in cross-section and consisting of a base (sometimes ommitted), a shaft, and a capital. |
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| The way in which an artist organizes forms in an artwork, either by placing shapes on a flat surface or arranging forms in space. |
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| Usually, the front of a building; also, the other sides when they are emphasized architecturally. |
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Used to describe the history, culture, and art of western Europe in the 12th-14th centuries. ______ art emerged in Northern France, and is most famous today in architecture. It followed a period of Romanesque architecture. While Romanesque architecture featured heavy masses, ______ architecture featured soaring spaces. In sculpture, images of saints changed from the iconic Byzantine forms to more human forms
MARTIN SCHONGAUER, Saint Anthony Tormented
by Demons, ca. 1480–1490. Engraving, approx. 1
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1" x 11 |
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A style of later Renaissance art that emphasized "artifice," often involving contrived imagery not derived directly from nature. Such artworks showed a self-conscious stylization involving complexity, caprice, fantasy, and polish. _________ architecture tended to flout the classical rules of order, stability, and symmetry, sometimes to the point of parody
Ex: Jacopo da Pontormo, Entombment of Christ, Florence, Italy, 16th c., oil on wood. Instead of concentrating masses in the center, he left a void.
Ex: Parmigianino, Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror, 16th c. Oil on wood. Reflection in convex mirror |
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A painting technique using ______ pigments that rose to prominence in northern Europe in the 15th c. and is now the standard medium for painting on canvas. The Italian biographer Giorgio Vasari credited Jan van Eyck with inventing ______ in the 1400s; it had actually been around since the 8th c., but 15th c. Flemish artists like Eyck were the first to use it extensively.
e.g. Konrd Witz, Miraculou sDraught of Fish, from the Altarpiece of St. Peter, Geneva, Switzerland. Oil on Wood 4x5 ft. Great example of what you can do with oil painting. The water is see through, which was done by painting the ground first, and then the water over it. since oil is opace, it is much easier to create effects like this |
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| "Serene stone." It was a smooth gray stone. Brunelleschi liked to use "________" along with white stucco in his 15th c. architecture for an austere color scheme. An example is the color scheme of his Ospedale degli Innocente (the foundling hospital), which is often called the first Renaissance building |
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In sculpture, figures projecting from a background of which they are part. The degree of _______ is designated high, low, or sunken. In the last, the artist cuts the design into the surface so that the highest projecting parts of the image are no higher than the surface itself.
E.G. Andrea Pisano, south doors of the Baptistry of San Giovanni. Florence, Italy, 1330-1336. Gilded bronze, doors 16' x 9'2"; individual panels 1'7.25" x 1'5"
His bronze doors have 28 panels with figural ______ in French gothic quatrefoil frames. The lower eight depict Christian virtues. The rest represent the life of Saint John the Baptist. |
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| French, "rebirth." The term used to describe the history, culture, and art of 14th-16th c. western Europe during which artists consciously revived the classical style. |
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A technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk, glue, or casein; also, the medium itself.
ex: CIMABUE, "Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets" from Santa Trinità, Florence, ca. 1280-90. ______ and gold leaf on wood.
Cimabue was on of the first artists to break away from the maniera greca. Although he relied on Byzantine models, Cimabue depicted the Madonna's massive throne as receding into space |
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A technique of painting using pigment mixed with contrasts of light and dark, as in the work of Caravaggio.
Caravaggio, Conversion of Saint Paul, 17th c., oil on canvas. He used perspective, chiaroscuro, and dramatic lighting to bring viewers into this painting’s space and action, almost as if they were participants in St Paul’s conversion to Christianity. |
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| It refers to a figure's off-balanced stance, where all the weight appears to be on one side. Sometimes called “weight shift” because the weight of the body tends to be thrown to one foot. This is exemplified in Michelangelo's David, 16th century. This off-balancedness distinguishes itself from the symmetry and balance so valued in the early Renaissance |
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an image which shows a holy person or traditional Chrisitan image; usually one or two people. A panel with a painting of sacred personages that are objects of veneration. Most often associated with the Byzantine period, as in Christ the Merciful, by Berlinghieri.
Bonaventura Berlinghieri, Saint Francis Altarpiece, Italy, 13th c. Tempera on Wood. This altarpiece of a saint is not exactly a ______ because St. Francis is only a saint, but the image resembles a _______. He painted this altarpiece in the Byzantine style, or maniera greca, for the mendicant (begging) order of Franciscans. The frontal poses, prominent halos of Francis and the angels, and lack of modeling reveal the Byzantine roots of Berlinghieri’s style. So does the use of gold leaf. |
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| a style which aims to translate nature into painting. ___________ was the core of classical tradition. Pioneered by Cimabue in the 13th century with his Madonna Enthroned by Angels and Prophets, which has a sense of space and volume, although is still Byzantine in its gold plating, symmetry, and iconic subject matter. Giotto overshadows Cimabue to really begin naturalism with his Madonna, featuring a foreground, middleground, and background, as well as shading that suggests Madonna's body underneath her draping clothes. |
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| An idea that is appropriate for space and story. Its been said Carravagio often breaks _______. We can see this in Carravagio's Martydom of St. Peter- 1601. Bodies strained and we see dirty feet and a back side in the front of the picture. |
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| It was very similar to fresco but in __________ you paint on dry plaster rather than wet. For fresco paint the pigments are grounded in water and are tempered using egg yolk or whole egg mixed with water. |
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A technique where the artist would draw chalk on a wall before they painted in order to plan out a huge painting.
Giotto di Bondone, "Lamentation" Arena Chapel (cappella Scrovegni), Pauda, Italy, ca. 1305. Fresco, 6'6.75" x 6'.75". Giotta painted Lementation in several sections, each corresponding to one painting session. Artists employing the buon fresco technique must complete each section before the plaster dries |
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was a style of decorative framework consisting of a symmetrical shape which forms the overall outline of four partially overlapping circles of the same diameter. The word _______ comes from a Latin word meaning "four leaves"
Doge’s Palace, Venice, Italy, 14th c. The delicate patterning in cream- and rose-colored marbles, the pointed ogee arches, and the ________ medallions of the Doge’s Palace constitute a Venetian variation of northern Gothic architecture. |
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It comes from the Italian word meaning drawing or design. But it has a deeper meaning to it than just that, it means the intellectual ability to create a design and the artisitic talent to actually draw or paint it. In the early 1600s (High Renaissance), Central Italian Florentine and Roman artists focused on ________, while Northern Italian Venetian artists focused more on colorito. Most central Italian artists emphasized careful design preparation based on preliminary drawing.
Leonardo da Vinci, The Fetus and Lining of the Uterus, 16th c. Pen and ink and chalk on paper. The introduction of less expensive paper in the late 15th c. enabled artists to draw more frequently. Leonardo’s analytical anatomical studies epitomize the scientific spirit of the Renaissance. |
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“Colored or painted.” In the early 1600s (High Renaissance), Central Italian Florentine and Roman artists focused on disegno, while Northern Italian Venetian artists focused more on _________. Venetian artists focused on color and the process of paint application.
Titian and Palma Il Giovane, Pieta, 16th c. Oil on canvas. In this late work characterized by broad brushstrokes and a thick impasto, Titian portrayed himself as the penitent Saint Jerome kneeling before the dead Christ. Titian intended the work for his own tomb. |
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Developed by Brunelleschi, _________ enables artists to determine mathematically the relative size of rendered objects to correlate them with the visual recession into space.
Donatello, Feast of Herod, 15th c. Gilded Bronze. Donatello’s Feast of Herod marked the introduction of rationalized perspective space in Renaissance relief sculpture. Two arched courtyards of diminishing size open the space of the action into the distance. |
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Unlike linear perspective, which relies on a structured mathematical system, _______________ involves optical phenomena. Items farther away appear less clear and sometimes more blue.
Joachim Patinir, Landscape with Saint Jerome, 16th c. Oil on wood. Joachim Patinir, a renowned Netherlandish painter, subordinated the story of Saint Jerome to the depiction of craggy rock formations, verdant rolling fields, and expansive bodies of water. Forms are brown in the foreground; green in the middleground; and blue in the background. |
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The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight
Andrea Mantegno, ______________ Christ (Lamentation over the Dead Christ), 16th c., tempera on canvas. In this work of overwhelming emotional power, Mantegna presented both a harrowing study of a strongly ___________ cadaver and an intensely poignant depiction of a biblical tragedy. |
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A monochrome painting done mainly in neutral grays to simulate sculpture.
Hope and Despair, arena chapel
fucking like parts of the sistine chapel or something |
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| Italian, “day.” The section of plaster that a fresco painter expects to complete in one session. |
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A portrait of the individual(s) who commissioned (donated) a religious work, for example, and altarpiece, as evidence of devotion
Robert Campin (Master of Flemalle), Merode Altarpiece (open), 15th c., oil on wood. In the altarpiece’s left wing, Campin depicted his patrons, Peter Inghelbrecht and Margarete Scrynmakers, as kneeling witnesses to the announcement of the Virgin’s miraculous pregnancy. |
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The person or entity that pays an artist to produce individual artworks or employs an artist on a continuing basis.
Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife, 15th c. Oil on wood. Van Eyck played a major role in establishing portraiture as an important Flemish art form. In this portrait of an Italian financier and his wife, he also portrayed himself in the mirror. Arnolfini is the patron. |
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The representation of the three-dimensional world on a two-dimensional surface in a manner that creates the illusion that the person, object, or place represented is three-dimensional
Pietro Lorenzetti, Birth of the Virgin, Italy, 14th c. Tempera on wood. In this triptych, Pietro Lorenzetti revived the pictorial _________ of ancient Roman murals and painted the architectural members dividing the panel as if they extended back into the painted space. |
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French, “fools the eye.” A form of illusionistic painting that aims to deceive viewers into believing they are seeing real objects rather than a representation of those objects.
Giotto di Bondone, Last Judgment, west all above the entrance to the Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy, 14th c. The Paduan banker Enrico Scrovegni built the chapel to expiate the moneylender’s sin of usury. In the top of the painting, angels appear to be rolling back the painting to reveal Heaven behind it. |
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A masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the arch principle, or a concrete roof of the same shape. A barrel (or tunnel) ______, semicylindrical in cross-section, is in effect a deep arch or an uninterrupted series of arches, one behind the other, over an oblong space
Masaccio, Holy Trinity, Florence, Italy, 15th c., Fesco. The premier early 15th c. example of the application of mathematics to the depiction of space The illusionary ________ is 7 feet wide and 9 feet deep.
Arena Chapel, Cappella Scrovegni), Padua, Italy, 1305-6 |
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In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road.
Arena Chapel, Cappella Scrovegni), Padua, Italy, 1305-6 |
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A semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault, or semi-done.
Arena Chapel, Cappella Scrovegni), Padua, Italy, 1305-6 |
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The practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans.
(Last Judgement) |
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