1.     Pantocrator, Apse Mosaic, Cathedral, Cefalu, Sicily, 1148

Constantine legalizies Christianity, moves capitol to east to constannoble. Religious imagery will be more open and have imperial connotations.

City of Rome collapses and thus the “Byzantine empire”

Result of politics. French norman conquers sicily, and Roger II was about promoting their power, right to rule, and authority.

Byzantine imagery, Christ is always placed largely above, eye contact, linear, gold background means you are in heaven

Medium-mosaic, colored glass, gold lead

Roger II

1.     School of Piza, Cross #15, Late 12^th century

10 ft tall

suspended from ceiling

western mideval art

Romanesque manuscript illumination

Critos Triumphant-Christ triumps over death, reason for why he isn’t suffering. 

1.     School of Piza Cross #20, c. 1230

Byzantine curve

Curve to the body

Emotion: sadness/suffering

Cristis Panteon-Christ Patience

Narrative; storied crucifix

1.     Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St. Francis altarpiece, 1235

St. Francis had a huge impact on society

Gave up wealth and lived a life of poverty

Your own self should read the gospels, individual relationship in God.

Byzantine, not interested in naturalism

1.     Coppo Di Marcovaldo, Crucifix, late 13^th c.

Spoke to coppo through crucifix

Preached the suffering a Christ

Byzantine curve of body

1.     coppo di marcovaldo, Madonna and child, 1265

chrysography-gold lines on the dress

marys role is enthroned and queen of heaven

red shoes means royalty

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1.     coppo di marcovaldo- Last Judgment, Dome in Baptistery, Florence, late 13^th century

it took a century to complete. Several other artists helped

subject: Christ is at the last judgment

1.     Cimabue, enthroned Madonna and child with angels and prophets, 1280

Invented new art, based in byzantine

12 ft tall

hanging behind an altar

gold in background, lines are delicate

importance of altarpiece-image of devotion, object of civic pride

methodology of how panel paintings are made:

wood panel, papler, large planks, gesso, marble like service, draw in charcoal, make art lines with ink, apply adhesive for the gold, or take a floren and break it into pieces. Terra verde-green earth, under layer, tempra and egg yoke (small quick strokes)

more naturalistic compared to Coppo art.

1.     Cimabue, Crucifix, 1280’s, before and after flood of 1966.

River flooded and devastated the city of Florence.

Loss of manuscript of the mideval times

Pronounced sway of body

Tension of arms, joints and shoulders

Softness/roundness to flesh

Eliminated narrative scene, but have mary and joseph.

Pietro Cavallini, Birth of the Virgin, Mosaic in Santa Maria, Trastevera, Rome, 1290’s

He has been overlooked

Work at old st. peters

Restores mosaics and frescos and doing original work

Therefore became very familiar with the old byzantine art

Utilized grecco tradition, large figures, wraps around a real body (fabric)

All coming from classical tradition

Cavallini, Last Judgement, Santa Cecillia, Trastevera, Rome. 1290’s

            Fresco and marble dust for luminosity

            Grecco roman world

            Figure have light and shadow, but he doesn’t understand a single light source

He was also known as the “little horse”

Nicola Pisano, Pisa Baptistry Pulpit, 1260

Was exposed to French gothic in South Italy

Roman antiquity

French gothic in the arch

Baptistery had civic importance, they were a new citizen of the city

Nicola Pisano, Nativity and Adoration of the Magi, from the Pisa Baptistry Pulpit, 1260

Annunciation-grabriel comes to mary telling her that she will hold the savior

The virgin mary is extremely important, an intercessor

Stylist influence-roman, relief sculptors and clustered figures

Joseph is often in the background and hidden to take away his importance

No show of space

Nicola Pisano, Daniel, from the Pisa Baptistry Pulpit, 1260

Contrapasto position (classical era from Greece)

All height is placed on one leg

Classical: referring to ancient Greece and Rome or 5^th century BC in greeze

These were painted to some degree.

First heroic made in the renaissance

Giotto, Crucifix c. 1295

Mary and john the evangelist both facing Christ

Christ actually looks like he is hanging (reality of the physical world)

Dramatic rib cage and lost pattern on stomach

Giotto, fresco cycle in the Scrovegni (arena chapel), Padua

Did work through Italy and was popular at a young age

Exposed to pietro cavalini

Did sculpture among other things

There was a schism in the western and latin church with competing pops. That power allowed the middle class to rise and giotta was a part of this.

Giotto, Joachim takes refuge in the wilderness, arena chapel

Capturing real human drama. Shows how we act.

Blue sky is secco. Gives narritives unity and that is coming from byzantine tradition.

Giotto, meeting at the golden gate, arena chapel

Telling marys mother that she will have a child. It is miraculous conception

Human figures is represented unnaturally large so you can see them clearly.

Giotto, annunciation, arena chapel

The wall is where the church is closed off to the regular non priests

Takes place in an enclosed garden

Divine light

Pointed arch, gothic tradition and very modern and it is a new world.

Curtains pulled back form mideval passionplay

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Giotto, nativity and annunciation to the shepards, arena chapel

Combined eastern byzantine tradition with French manger. People also have weight and sense of gravity. 

Giotto,  raising of lazarous, arena

In sacred imagery, everything had to be proper. But put how real people move (man bending over). 

Giotto, kiss of judas, arena chapel

Bright orange

Uses light/shadow coherently to model form

Chiaroscuro. Use of light/shadow to create mass 

Giotto, lamentation, arena chapel

The lines are pointing to mary and Jesus

He places figures in space

Jonag is a typololgy, of Christ dieing

The tree has just a few leaves left, the paint has fallen off. 

Giotto, last judgement, arena chapel

Detail of last judgement

Scrovegni dedicating the chapel to mary

He wanted to make sure he was recognized. 

Giotto, justice injustice and inconstancy, arena chapel

Dancing, rape and murder, and unbalanced

Giotto, ognissanti Madonna, c. 1305-10 (church of the saints)

Plane compared to others

Solid and stable figure pyramid composition

Chubby cheeks makes him more childlike

Lily/rose-purity of virgin

Tempra

Giotto, st. francis receiving the stigmata

Serephrim-he sees Christ on the cross

Position of st. francis is unique, processor to Michael angelo

Giotto, funeral of st francis, bardi chapel, sta. croce

Sense of drama, looking at the hole in the side of francis.

Giotto changed the Florentine art

Taddeo Gaddi, annunciation to the shepards, Baroncelli chapel, sta croce, Florence. C. 1328-30

(he was giottos student)

dark night and angel illuminate everything

Taddeo Gaddi, last supper and tree of life, refectory, sta. croce, Florence. 1360

Refectory-dining room where monks eat

Franciscano (monks) were very poor and vegatarians

Meals taken in silence where listening to scripture

Earliest last supper that survives

Judas on the other side

Above is the tree of life

Andrea pisano, south portals, baptistery, Florence, 1330-36. Detail, baptism of the multitude

Florentine baptistery

Biblical scene inside the quad hole

Duccio, Rucellai Madonna, c. 1285

From siena

Arrested for breaking curfew, not enlisting, witchcraft, not paying bills.

Commissioned for Florentine church

Very large scale

Sense of drama and good with crows scenes

Style: remnants of byzantine in face of Madonna and angels

Heavily influenced by French gothic, fluttering and elegant gold lines in dress

Long fingers, sense of external elegance (French gothic)

Duccio, Maetra’ 1308-11 “majesty”

Masta-huge

Protector of siena

When it was done they carried it to the cathedral like a big parade