man of many talents. A German renaissance man

·      Brought back perspective form Italy

·      Used engraving to create prints

o   Made on a sheet of copper, scratching the drawing into the plate

§  Then take the plait and put ink on it/ then presses it to pick up the ink on a piece of paper

Wrote a hand book for Germans to learn perspective

o   It’s a wood cut print

·      Created a gridded device with strings to help with perspective drawings

·      Durer made a print of a canon

o   Grids- a cannon innovated the wars artillery 15^th century

o   Had to be more precise with the measurements

o   Used the idea of ballistics- calculating the range and lethalness of the canon

1514 St. Jerome-Albrecht Durer

shown in his library working on his greatest piece, translating the bible into Latin

o   his attribute is a lion- he spent time in the desert and along came a lion with a thorn in his paw, he pulled the thorn out and it became his grateful pet

o   Made in perspective

·      

Bureaucracy

don’t mythologize, Gov’t have slowly gotten much bigger from lords to kings and royal administrators.

·      Need measurable data-

·      Bureau- French for a writing desk

·      Red tape” starts with the renaissance and tying red ribbon on the paperwork

1600s associated with the new idea of measuring everything/ turning the world into a mathematical code

·      1596-1650

·      1620s a philosopher

·      Cartesian- related with Descartes

·      “1637 Discourse on the Method”

o   wanted to spend a lot of time finding one real truth

o   Cogito Ergo Sum-I think therefore I am/ we exist because we think

·      Rationalism- emphasis on logically figuring out things within the world

o   Use numbers and forms that exist in our minds

o   Invented the Cartesian coordinate- A way to organize the world

§  The center, 0, it’s the central thinking point

§  Everything else relates to the center

The period of enlightenment- We can use the different ways of measuring the world to control the world. 3 great revolution

·      Scientific revolution- physics chemistry geology

o   Created the steam engine James watt 1779

o   Hot air balloon 1783 over Paris

·      Industrial revolution- rapid production of new goods and products

·      Political revolutions – French and American revolutions

1795 liberal aristocrat,

·      all for the revolution in France

·      Wanted a utopia through rationalism / unending progress

·      Made Progress the word it means today

o   “The progress of the human mind”

·      World with 10 different ages

·      Wrote the book in prison and was killed before it was published

architect lived around 1 a.d under the reign of Augustus. An arch. Should use circles and squares are very human in nature

 English philosopher and writer in favor of democratic

·      Wanted middle class in power

·      Decartes methods could be applied to ethics

·      Rationalism lead to better behavior and more moral people

·      Created a new university- University of London, for the middle class

Prison reform/1787

o   More humane conditions for prisoners

replace punishment with discipline

o   They should be educated to discipline themselves to be a productive part of society

created the idea that we are all living in a big panopticon

·      Everywhere we go we are being watched but don’t always know who is looking 1972

- knowledge that comes from surveillance/

used to block off neighborhood’ against the government.

·      Eugene DelaCroix-1830 paris revolution, part of the revolution

o   8 x 12 feet/ Liberty leading the people

1848, nephew of the original napoleon

·      Was a leader of the revolution

·      Was elected as the president, but declared himself the emperor after a few years

·      1848-1870  wanted to be the last person to be put in charge by a revolution

o   to do this he wanted to redesign Paris

engineer/ Napoleon’s representative of Paris

·      Made into a baron

·      Had free reign to design Paris how ever he wanted

·      Liked the renaissance idea of wide spaces for gathering in 1852

Ideal renaissance city

the professional looker, nicely dressed man out on a strole

·      Ideal casual walker

·      A consumer of sights

·      a Cartesian coordinate on the move

·      up on the latest popular culture

Invention of photography went along with the invention of the Flaneur

Susan Sontag

First came up with the idea that photography is the epitome of middle class consuming and collecting images of the world

·      Pin hole phenomenon

o   A photograph is a momento mori/ reminds us of death

o   special effect is momento mori

o   gives an emotional and nostalgic feeling to a photograph

The dark room

·      reduced from a room to a box

inventor of the daguerreotype

·      Trained as a painter

·      Became a showman

·      Opened a theater called the diarama

·      put a sheet of silver into a camera obscura

circular auditorium

·      paintings hung behind a screen

·      A show of illusion/ using lighting effects

Daguerreomania

everyone ran out to buy a daguerreotype

-

First plastic was made for the daguerreotype case/ wood pulp/ shellac

Americas famous photographer, in new york celebrities would get their portraits

·      1850s changed to positive negative photography

·      1861 followed the union around and took pictures

·      1860 took a photo of Abe Lincoln

Positive-Negative

one to make copies from

·      negative on glass paine and put in camera instead of silver

·      put  paper on the glass and sensitise it and shine light through the paper

produced millions of pictures 1850s to 70s

·      small photo 2 in by 4 in

·      Picture glued on a stiff piece of cardboard

·      stamp that included the photographer

built by peter cooper/ developed the railroads

·      school for working class young men

·      First night school

·      Linclon gave a campaign speech

·      carte de visite

Barthes

·      Greek for thought

·      basic fundamental thought

·      When we see a photograph, we have the same noeme

·      That photo represents something that actually existed

·      It was there”

Shares the same substance

found in churches mainly in Europe

·      Photos are modern relics

Vestigium

Latin for foot print

·      impression some one made on a rock or in the ground

1878 Old Main- photo of the building

a momento mori

·      no longer exists

bank clerk in Rochester NY

·      Dry plate film came out and he had the idea to put it into rolls

faster film on cellulose, clear plastic

·      Kodak bc it didn’t mean anything in any language

·      Mother had two k in her name, a memorial to his mother

·      Time of the Alaska gold rush, called the Kodiak

o   Had an ad with the Kodak girl, shows she can go anywhere

children’s camera

·      Immediate success

·      Only 1 dollar

·      He was taking a loss on production but anticipated to make up for it with the purchasing of film

making a print by exposing a metal print to the negative

1977 sontag

·      Photography has skewed our perception of reality

·      The allegory of platos cave- a story with a theme or moral

·      Earthly things are a representation of more heavenly items

·      We think we know what we are looking at

1920s and 30s, germany,

·      Steel factory

·      Krupp wanted to expand his business

·      Gave support and money to Hitler knowing he would give him business bc of the war

o   AIZ used photo montage to show anti Hitler

o   Susan sonstag example of platos cave/ how the picture doesn’t tell us the truth

§  Information is not really knowledge

§  Plationist- everything is a surface illusion

o   Arnold Newman took the photo of Krupp depicting him as a terrible person

Changed his last name bc he was ashamed of what Germany was doing

·      Writer and illustrator for AIZ

·      Used photo montage to protest Hitler

Put photographs together to show a different meaning  

Vilfredo Pareto

1890s engineer ant mathematician in italy

·      Make a report on demography of the people in italy

·      80% of the wealth is owned by 20% of the people

·      It was like this everywhere

·      80% of the crimes are committed by 20% of the criminals

Pareto Principle

80% of the results to 20% of the effort

Photography is the perfect medium for the flaneur

taking words and images and reuses their critics ideas as there own theme

it was important for artists to be revolutionaries

·      Make people support the progressive causes

·      Voted to serve on the revolutions council

liberty, equality, brotherhood

·      Motto of the French revolution

·      Designed by Augustine dupray

·      Liberty- bare breast with staff of knowledge

·      Egalite- has a masons level

·      Fraternite- embraces and brings together

o   Specific mythology- Hercules

French term- the vanguard, elite core of fighters

chosen to be the revolutions leader by David

·      Napoleon crossing the Alps

at first welcomed the French

·      Once he saw the apression of napoleon he didn’t want them there

o   3^rd of May 1808-  French rounded up all the men and shot them in Madrid

o   Man with raised hands represents the crucifixion

connection with urban barricades

·      Liberty Leasing the People

o   Liberty is a bare chest woman wit ha flag for liberty as well as a musket to fight with the revolutionaries

o   3 great leaders of the revolution

§  the youth are natural leaders

ú  young man on the right

ú  still have idealism

ú  holding pistols and a bag with ammunition 

§  A man in a beret with a loose white shirt, typical of a day laborer

ú  The working class

ú  The most likely to rebel, do most of the work

§  The artist

ú  Writing, poetry, essays

ú  A self portrait of Delacroix

ú  Dressed fashionably as an intellectual would

·      Advanced the image of the Avant Garde

o   The vision

The first to create abstract artwork

·      Called them improvisations, oil paintings without an idea of what he was going to create

·      Compared it to how musicians work and create music

·      A good speech maker and good with arguments

·      Originally trained as a lawyer

·      1912 book- concerning the spiritual in art

o   help advance the spiritual progress of mankind

·      Paul Clay- the spiritual triangle

·      Took from Can Gogh’s ideas

·      Non-objective art

Important in the history of art

·      Distorting nature to manipulate meanings and emotions

originally used as a term for music but applied to Kandinsky’s form of artistic expression

First to believe we should be allowed to distort nature

·      1889 stary night

·      made in a mental hospital

·      father of modern expressionism

had the biggest collection of Kandinsky’s art

·      The museum of non-objective art

read Kandinsky’s book and used his ideas

·      8 ft x 12 ft or larger

don’t distort nature you rather take it apart and put it back together in a new way

Dutch

·      Geometric abstraction

·      Balance

·      Constructivism

·      Started in landscapes but admired van gogh

·      1912 reduced nature more and more

1917 formed in Holland

·      Not part of wwI

·      Promoted harmony and cooperation

graphic designer, developed the de stijl font

- a thinking mans religion

·      New scientific  religion, takes ideas form other religions and puts the ideas together

·      Used platos ideas

architect that was a part of de stijil

·      Built the Schroeder house

·      In a row of old typical homes

·      De Stijil chair 1917

1919 Germany

·      An art academy

·      Spreading the idea of modernism

·      1 Make it modern

·      2 Make it simple

·      Less is more

·      3 Make it light

·      4 Make it dynamic

·      In 1925 it moved to Dessau

o   Arch, graphic, weaving, photography

o   1929 Barcelona chair

§  the creation of Mies

architect in Germany during wwI

·      A member of the German army ended in 1918

·      Had the chance to become the head of an art school 1919 Weimar, Germany

·      Traditional art academy- drawing, nude, landscape

·      New name was the Bauhaus- means house of construction

·      Hired the best and brightest artists

·      Changed the curriculum

second leader of the Bauhaus

·      Architect

·      From an old Prussian military family

·      Very forceful and commanding

·      International style to avoid German persecution during WWII

o   Plano, Chicago, 1951

o   All glass house with steel and concrete slabs

Plano Chicago 1951

·      Few successful female dr/ surgeon

·      Met Mies in Chicago

·      All glass house with steel and concrete slabs

Mies

·      1950s and 60s skyscrapers

·      1958 example of Bauhaus approach to skyscrapers

·      considered Mies’ best skyscraper design

exhibition building for the first worlds fair

·      Displays for 1851 in the palace

·      Cant be too high because iron is brittle

·      3 stories high

·      Iron beams and plate glass

developed a way to mass produce steel

·      Much stronger that iron and has good tensile strength

o   steel can hold things vertically with a slight bend

o   ability to cantilever

·      originally developed for military uses

skyscraper

1931 the empire state building was finished designed by willi am lamb

·      102 stories

·      440 meters in height

·      uses set backs to allow for sunlight

1885 Home insurance 14 stories high building

·      insurance companies had a lot of money to spend on the buildings/ they would rent out the rest of the building and only use the tope few floors

the material is not holding up the ones on the top

·      more of a hanging wall

Sella Curulis

a leaders chair

·      The chair man

·      Resembles the Barcelona char that has a x truss for the legs

Samuel Bronfman

in charge of the Seagram company

·      Moved and wanted a skyscraper to represent their new attitude with and international style

Phyllis Bronfman Lambert

Samuels son

·      Went to architecture school

·      Just starting out and asked her for her advise for who he should choose to design the building

·      Convinced him to choose Mies

o   World Trade Center Towers 1970

o   1700 feet

o   Empire State Building-1450 feet

o   Designed World Trade Center Towers

o   A part of the mieselings, American artists involved in Bauhaus architectural designs

o   Des Moines, Iowa arch. Firm

o   Found in the 1920s

o   Jones County Courthouse in Anamosa, Iowa inspired by Empire State Building design

o   Scott County Courthouse in Davenport went Bauhaus

o   1950s became a part of the mieslings

o   Agronomy Hall

§  1952

o   Urban Renewal Projects

§  Tearing down decayed parts of the city and replacing with modern houses-low budget

o   Meant to replace the slums of St. Louis

o   Mayor and city council decided to demolish slums and replace with Bauhaus style low income housing

o   Minoru Yamasaki designed Pruitt-Igoe projects

o   1955

o   33 large Bauhaus style apartment blocks that covered roughly 60 acres

o   3000 apartments

o   15,000 people

o   meant to give people a sense of openness and lightness, moral goodness on “slum-folks”

o   late 1960s-hotbed of crime, drugs, and violence

o   taken over by gangs and drug dealers

o   apartments abandoned by people afraid of living near crime

o   1970-about 600 out 15,000 people live in the Pruitt Igoe complex

o   demolished Pruitt-Igoe complex may have marked the end of modernism

o   Philadelphia architect

o   Rebel architect

o   International style sterile and foreign with left-wing ideas of community togetherness-not for America

o   Criticized modernist architecture

o   Said look at Las Vegas for architecture

§  Exciting

§  Architecture works

§  Entices people to come and spend money

o   Many critics say Las Vegas is gaudy and fake full of glitzy architecture people need to get rid of

o   “Less is a bore!”

o   Architecture is for the user

o   1991 Designed Seattle Art Museum

§  contrast to neighboring Bauhaus buildings

§  solid and heavy on the bottom (light at the top)

§  solid heavy, and strong looking

§  limestone and granite

§  roman arch at the entrance

ú  fake

ú  ornamental

ú  gives you an idea of the purpose

§  emphasis on heaviness and faker is also used inside the museum

§  inside architectural elements are decoration

ú  fake

§  steel frame building

§  2 Dimensional arches

§   

o   1650-Bernini

§  designed the entrance to the Vatican

o   Pertaining to the common people

§  Dealing with language

§  More colorful (but also more vulgar)

§  Vernacular Architecture goes against the rules

o   Allowed Bauhaus to move to Dessau after they elected a communist mayor which was more appreciative of their art style and philosophies